Timeline of Amsterdam

The following is a timeline of the history of the municipality of Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Prior to 17th century

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flag Netherlands portal
  • 2700~2750 BC - age of Neolithic shards of Bell Beaker culture pottery found under Rokin
  • 2200~2000 BC - age of granite grinding stone found under Damrak
  • 10th c. - Farmers settling at upstream Amstel
  • 1105 - Wolfger van Amstel mentioned in a document as scultetus of "Amestelle" (Amstelland).
  • 1170 - All Saint's Flood made settlement possible at the banks of downstream Amstel
  • 1213 - Founding Oude Kerk in this settlement
  • 1270 - Dam built in Amstel River (approximate date).
  • 1275
    • "Amestelledamme" (meaning: 'dam in the Amstel') appears for the first time in a charter.[1]
    • 27 October, Count Floris V of the County of Holland granted traders, sailors and fishermen exemption from tolls.[2]
  • 1300 - Population: 1000.[3]
  • 1303 - Siege of Amsterdam
  • 1306 - Amsterdam granted city rights.[4] Oude Kerk consecrated.
  • 1345 - 15 March: Alleged "Miracle of Amsterdam" occurs.
  • 1347 - Heilige Stede chapel built.
  • 1389 - The city was first called Aemsterdam in an authentic piece.[1]
  • 1408 - Nieuwe Kerk (church) construction begins.[5]
  • 1421 - Fire.
  • 1425 - Singel canal dug.[6]
  • 1452 - Fire.
  • 1470 - Agnietenklooster built.
  • 1487 - Schreierstoren built.
  • 1490s - Brick city wall built.[7]
  • 1516 - Montelbaanstoren built.
  • 1518 - Egelantier formed (approximate date).
  • 1535 - 10 May: Anabaptist riot occurs; "fanatics ran about the streets naked."[7][4]
  • 1566 - Beeldenstorm.
  • 1568 - Amsterdam supports Catholics in the Dutch Revolt.
  • 1575 - Erven Lucas Bols in business.[8]
  • 1578
    • Alteratie shifts power from Catholics to Protestants.
    • Prinsenhof (Amsterdam) built.[9]
  • 1585 - City expands beyond the Singel.[5]
  • 1586 - Admiralty of Amsterdam formed.
  • 1596 - Rasphuis (prison) established.[10]

17th century

  • 1600 - Population: 50,000.[3]
  • 1601 - Goldsmith's guild established.[11]
  • 1602 - Amsterdam Stock Exchange and Dutch East India Company founded.[5]
  • 1603 - Hendrick de Keyser becomes city architect.[12]
  • 1606 - Oost-Indisch Huis built.
  • 1607 - English Reformed Church established.
  • 1609 - Bank of Amsterdam established.[13][14]
  • 1611 - Koopmansbeurs built.
  • 1613 - Grachtengordel development begins.[6]
  • 1614 - Nieuwmarkt created.
  • 1617
    • First Dutch Academy formed.
    • Korenbeurs built.
    • Town gate remodeled as Weigh House.
  • 1619 - Westerhal built.[15]
  • 1620
    • Munttoren and Korenmetershuisje (Amsterdam) built.
    • English-language Corrant out of Italy, German, Etc. newspaper begins publication.[16]
  • 1621 - Dutch West India Company founded.
  • 1622 - Cromhouthuizen built.
  • 1631 - Artist Rembrandt moves to Jodenbreestraat in Amsterdam.[12]
  • 1632 - Athenaeum Illustre formed.
  • 1633 - Oude Lutherse Kerk built.
  • 1637 - Schouwburg of Van Campen (theatre) built.
  • 1638
    • Hortus Medicus founded.
    • Accijnshuis built.
  • 1641 - Saaihal (Amsterdam) built on Staalstraat (Amsterdam).
  • 1642 - Rembrandt's artwork The Night Watch shown in the Kloveniersdoelen.[12]
  • 1651 - St. Peter's Flood.
  • 1652 - 7 July: City Hall burns down.
  • 1655 - New City Hall built on Dam Square.
  • 1662
    • Trippenhuis and Weesperpoort (gate) built.
    • Blaeu's Atlas Maior published.
  • 1663 - Bubonic plague outbreak.
  • 1665 - New theatre opens.
  • 1666 - Population: 200,000.[17]
  • 1672 - Johannes Hudde becomes mayor.
  • 1675 - Portuguese Synagogue built.[18]
  • 1679 - Wynand-Fockink in business.[8]
  • 1682 - Begijnhof Chapel and Amstelhof built.
  • 1683 - Society of Suriname established.
  • 1691 - Skinny Bridge built.
  • 1696 - Aansprekersoproer riots

18th century

  • 1748
    • Pachtersoproer riots
    • Demands from Doelistenmovement
  • 1765 - Stadstekenacademie founded.[12]
  • 1774 - Theatre opens on the Leidseplein.
  • 1776 - Felix Meritis society[19][20] and Society for the Advancement of Agriculture[21] established.
  • 1780 - Maagdenhuis built.
  • 1785 - Seamen's Institute, and Society for Public Welfare organized.[19]
  • 1787 - Prussians in power.[5]
  • 1794
    • Metz & Co established.
    • Population: 217,024.[5]
  • 1795 - January: French in power.[22]
  • 1800 - Barrack of St. Charles built.[23]

19th century

  • 1808
    • Amsterdam becomes capital of Kingdom of Holland, client state of the French Empire.
    • City Hall becomes the Royal Palace.[5]
    • Royal Institute of Sciences, Literature and Fine Arts founded.[21]
  • 1813 - Oranje-Nassau Kazerne (military barrack) built.
  • 1814
  • 1815
    • Doelen Hotel in business.
    • Population: 180,179.[5]
  • 1824 - Netherlands Trading Society headquartered in city.[13]
  • 1825
    • North Holland Canal constructed.[24]
    • Amsterdamsche Stoomboot Maatschappij established
  • 1838 - Zoo opens.[19]
  • 1839
    • Amsterdam–Haarlem railway begins operating.[4]
    • Station d'Eenhonderd Roe opens.
    • Arti et Amicitiae society organized.[19]
  • 1840
    • Coster Diamonds founded.
    • Willemspoort (gate) built.
  • 1841 - Mozes en Aäronkerk (church) rebuilt.
  • 1843 - Station Amsterdam Weesperpoort opens.
  • 1845 - Zocher Stock Exchange built.[9]
  • 1852 - Bijbels Museum founded.
  • 1853 - City "water supply" begins.[5]
  • 1854 - Royal Asscher Diamond Company founded.
  • 1855 - Arti et Amicitiae constructed.
  • 1856
    • Amsterdam–Arnhem railway constructed.
    • De Eendracht war memorial erected.
    • Koninklijke Nederlandse Stoomboot-Maatschappij (shipping company) established.
  • 1862 - Bloemenmarkt founded.
  • 1863 - Museum Fodor opens.
  • 1864 - Crystal Palace built on the Frederiksplein (Amsterdam).[22]
  • 1866 - Population: 264,498.[25]
  • 1867
    • Heineken brewery built.
    • Amstel Hotel opens.
  • 1869 - Netherlands Bank building constructed.[19]
  • 1870
    • Rijksakademie, De Bijenkorf shop, and Amstel Brewery founded.
    • Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland (steamship line) in business.
  • 1872 - Construction of the first social housing project, de Dubbeltjespanden
  • 1874
    • Amsterdam–Zutphen railway constructed.
    • Amsterdamse Toneelschool established.
  • 1875 - Amsterdamsche Vereeniging tot het bouwen van Arbeiderswoningen housing association formed.
  • 1876
    • North Sea Canal opens.[22]
    • Population: 281,944.[9]
  • 1877 - Municipal University of Amsterdam and Teekenschool voor Kunstambachten founded.
  • 1878 - Den Helder–Amsterdam railway begins operating.
  • 1880 - Vrije Universiteit established.[19]
  • 1881
    • Telephone in operation.[4]
    • AVA-woonblok D,E,F,G housing built in Czaar Peterbuurt.
    • Stille Omgang revived.
  • 1882 - Spui square created.
  • 1883
  • 1884
    • Amsterdamsch Conservatorium founded.
    • Population: 361,326.[26]
  • 1885 - Rijksmuseum opens.
  • 1886 - July: Palingoproer eel riot occurs.[27][22]
  • 1887
    • Orange riots..
    • Elsevier publisher in business.[28]
    • Basilica of St. Nicholas built.
  • 1888 - Concertgebouw built, and Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra founded.[29]
  • 1889 - Amsterdam Centraal railway station opens.[19]
  • 1890 - Victoria Hotel, Amsterdam in business.
  • 1893 - Economic unrest.[22]
  • 1894 - Stadsschouwburg rebuilt.[19]
  • 1895
    • Wereldtentoonstelling voor het Hotel- en Reiswezen (exhibit) held.[22]
    • Museum Willet-Holthuysen[19] and Catholic Ignatius Gymnasium (school) established.
  • 1896 - Hotel de l'Europe in business on the Nieuwe Doelenstraat (Amsterdam).
  • 1900
    • Gemeentetram Amsterdam tramway established.
    • Amstelodamum historical society and AFC Ajax football club formed.
    • Population: 523,557.[19]

20th century

1900-1939

  • 1903
    • Railroad Strike.[22]
    • Beurs van Berlage built.
  • 1904 - August: International Socialist Congress held.
  • 1906 - Amsterdam Wind Orchestra ATH formed.
  • 1907 - Nöggerath cinema[30] and Het Houten Stadion (stadium) open.
  • 1911 - Rembrandt House Museum opens.
  • 1914 - Harry Elte Stadium and De Groote Club on Kalverstraat built.
  • 1915
    • De Bijenkorf (Amsterdam) department store built.
    • Querido Verlag (publisher) in business.
  • 1917
    • 1917 Potato riots.[4]
    • Amsterdam-Zuid development begins per Plan Zuid.
  • 1919
    • Public library opens.
    • Het Schip apartment building erected.
    • Disteldorp and Vogeldorp areas built in Amsterdam-Noord.[31]
    • Population: 647,120.[32]
  • 1920
    • Construction of the Defence Line of Amsterdam completed.
    • Muzieklyceum and Rialto cinema[30] established.
  • 1921
    • Buiksloot, Nieuwendam, Ransdorp, Sloten, and Watergraafsmeer annexed.
    • Tuschinski cinema built.[30]
  • 1923 - Tuindorp Oostzaan area built.[31]
  • 1924.
    • Institute of Applied Art formed.
    • National Vocational School for Pastry Chefs opens.
  • 1925 - Tooneelmuseum (stage museum) founded.[33]
  • 1926
    • Amsterdam Museum established.
    • Royal Tropical Institute building constructed[34]
    • HEMA (store) in business on Kalverstraat.
  • 1927 - American Women's Club Amsterdam founded.[35]
  • 1928 - Summer Olympics held.
  • 1929 - Palace of National Industry burns down.[15]
  • 1932 - Joods Historisch Museum opens.
  • 1933 - Alhambra Theater opens.[30]
  • 1934
    • July: Jordaanoproer.[4][27]
    • Allard Pierson Museum opens.
  • 1935
    • International Institute for Social History established.[36]
    • City Theater (Amsterdam) cinema opens.
  • 1936 - Cineac Theatre built.[37]
  • 1939
    • Amsterdam Amstel railway station opens.
    • Apollo House (Amsterdam) built.

World War II

  • 1940
    • 11 May: Bombing of Amsterdam by the Luftwaffe
    • German occupation begins
    • Het Parool newspaper begins publication.[38]
  • 1941
    • February strike.[4]
    • Central Office for Jewish Emigration in the Netherlands begins operating.
  • 1943
    • 27 March: 1943 bombing of the Amsterdam civil registry office
    • July: Allied bombings of Amsterdam-Noord.
  • 1944 - 4 August: Frank family arrested.
  • 1945
    People celebrating the liberation of the Netherlands at the end of World War II on 8 May 1945.
    • 18 January: Executions on the Fusilladeplaats Rozenoord begin.
    • 5 May: German occupation ends.
    • 7 May: Shooting on Dam square, Amsterdam.
    • 8 May: Canadian troops enter city
    • 9 May: Mass celebrations in Dam Square
    • Filmtheater Kriterion opens.[30]
    • De Volkskrant newspaper in publication.
  • 1946 - Dutch Historic Film Archive founded.
  • 1947
    • The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank is published.
    • Holland Festival begins.

1950s-1990s

  • 1952
    • May: Amsterdam–Rhine Canal opens.[4]
    • DOK (discothèque) active.
    • Filmmuseum founded.
  • 1956 - National Monument erected in Dam Square.
  • 1957 - Horecava hospitality trade fair begins.
  • 1958 - Netherlands Film and Television Academy founded.
  • 1959 - Population: 872,000.[39]
  • 1960
    • Anne Frank House museum established on the Prinsengracht.
    • Academie voor Kleinkunst (school) founded.
    • Uitzendbureau Amstelveen (now Randstad NV) was founded.
  • 1961 - Amsterdam RAI Exhibition and Convention Centre opens.
  • 1962 - Hilton Hotel in business.
  • 1965 - Counterculture Provo (movement) begins.[40]
  • 1966
    • 13–14 June: Telegraafrellen (labor unrest) occurs.[4]
    • Weesperkarspel annexed.
  • 1967 - Catholic Theological University of Amsterdam established.[41]
  • 1968
    Protest against the Vietnam War in Amsterdam, April 1968
    • Art & Project gallery opens.
    • Theaterschool founded.[42]
  • 1969
    • March: Bed-In for Peace held.[43]
    • May: Student protest occurs at the University of Amsterdam Maagdenhuis.[4]
    • STEIM cultural venue established.
  • 1970 - Population: 807,095.
  • 1971 - Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA railway station opens.
  • 1972 - In-Out Centre opens.[44]
  • 1973 - Van Gogh Museum opens.[45]
  • 1975
    • Flag of Amsterdam design adopted.
    • Rainbow Foundation,[46] De Appel art centre, and Other Books and So founded.[44][47]
    • Amsterdam Marathon and SAIL Amsterdam begin.
  • 1976 - Sweelinck Conservatorium formed.
  • 1977
    • 9 May: Hotel Polen fire.
    • Amsterdam Metro begins operating.
    • Uitmarkt begins[48]
  • 1978 - MonteVideo founded.
  • 1979
    • Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra founded.[49]
    • Huis van Bewaring I (Weteringschans) (prison) closed.
  • 1981 - 21 November: Protest against stationing of NATO missiles.[4]
  • 1984
    • Social unrest.[6]
    • Amsterdam Fantastic Film Festival begins.
  • 1985 - Annual contemporary art fair begins.
  • 1986
    • Amsterdam–Schiphol railway begins operating.
    • Stopera opera hall opens.
  • 1987 - Amsterdamse Poort (shopping centre) opens.
  • 1988
    • International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam begins.
    • Stopera city hall opens.
  • 1990 - Population: 695,221.
  • 1991
    • Museum Geelvinck-Hinlopen established.
    • Museum Jan van der Togt opens.
  • 1992
    • 4 October: Airplane crash in Bijlmermeer.[4]
    • Miniature Museum founded.
  • 1993 - La Rive and Boom Chicago founded.
  • 1994
    • Conservatorium van Amsterdam and Prostitution Information Center founded.
    • SMART Project Space opens.
  • 1996
    • Amsterdam Gay Pride begins.
    • Amsterdam Arena built.
  • 1997
    • 2 October: EU treaty signed in city.[4]
    • Henk Sneevlietweg metro station opens.
    • IJburg residential archipelago construction begins.[50]
  • 1999 - OT301 squat begins.
  • 2000
    • Prostitution in the Netherlands legalized.
    • Euronext founded.

21st century

  • 2001
    • 1 April: First legalized same-sex marriage in the Netherlands occurs.[51]
    • Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam and Heineken Music Hall open.
    • Job Cohen becomes mayor.[52]
    • 290 Square Meters opens its first shop
  • 2004 - 2 November: Filmmaker Van Gogh killed on Linnaeusstraat.
  • 2006 - Amsterdam Film eXperience begins.
  • 2007
    • KLIK! Amsterdam Animation Festival begins.
    • Diamond Museum Amsterdam opens.
    • Centrale Bibliotheek moves into new building.
    • Amsterdam City Archives relocates to De Bazel building.
    • De Schreeuw memorial erected in the Oosterpark.[43]
  • 2008 - Amsterdam Holendrecht railway station opens.
  • 2009 - H'ART Museum opens.
  • 2010 - Eberhard van der Laan becomes mayor.[52]
  • 2011 - February: Retrial of Geert Wilders begins in the Rechtbank Amsterdam (court).[51]
  • 2012
    • 21 April: Sloterdijk train collision.
    • EYE Film Institute Netherlands opens.
  • 2013 - Population: 800.000 in January 2013.[53]
  • 2014
    • 17 July: Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 departs from Amsterdam, later crashes in Ukraine.[51]
    • 2014 Amsterdam drug deaths occur.
  • 2015
    • February: University of Amsterdam Bungehuis and Maagdenhuis occupations (student protest) occur.
    • Regeneration of Frederik Hendrikplantsoen
  • 2018
    • Femke Halsema becomes mayor.[54]
    • 2018 Amsterdam stabbing attack
  • 2019
  • 2022
    • The municipality Weesp merged with Amsterdam on 24 March 2022.[55]
    • Population: 903.000 in March 2022.[53]
  • 2024
    • March. Opening of the Dutch National Holocaust Museum
    • 2024 University of Amsterdam pro-Palestinian campus occupations
    • November 2024 Amsterdam riots
  • 2025
    • March 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack

Images

  • Portrait of the syndics of the Amsterdam Goldsmiths Guild, established in 1601 (painting from 1627)
    Portrait of the syndics of the Amsterdam Goldsmiths Guild, established in 1601 (painting from 1627)
  • Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons anatomy lesson on 31 January 1632
    Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons anatomy lesson on 31 January 1632
  • Stadhuis on fire, 7 July 1652
    Stadhuis on fire, 7 July 1652
  • Aviary, Blauw Jan Inn, Amsterdam, ca.1700[56]
    Aviary, Blauw Jan Inn, Amsterdam, ca.1700[56]
  • Train begins operating, 1839
    Train begins operating, 1839
  • Centraal Station, Amsterdam, ca.1890s
    Centraal Station, Amsterdam, ca.1890s
  • Labor unrest, 1966
    Labor unrest, 1966

See also

  • History of Amsterdam
  • List of mayors of Amsterdam
  • List of rijksmonuments in Amsterdam
  • Walls of Amsterdam
  • Expansion of Amsterdam since the 19th century
  • List of streets in Amsterdam
  • Timelines of other municipalities in the Netherlands: Breda, Delft, Eindhoven, Groningen, Haarlem, The Hague, 's-Hertogenbosch, Leiden, Maastricht, Nijmegen, Rotterdam, Utrecht
  • History of urban centers in the Low Countries

References

  1. ^ a b Ter Gouw, ter, Jan (1874). Amstelodamiana, Eerste deel. C.L. Brinkman. p. 57.
  2. ^ "Hoofdredacteur Ons Amsterdam onthulde jarig 'Amsterdams geboortedocument'". Ons Amsterdam. 27 October 2012. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017.
  3. ^ a b Bairoch, Paul (18 June 1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 140. ISBN 9780226034669.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Joop W. Koopmans; Arend H. Huussen Jr. (2007). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6444-3.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Chambers 1901.
  6. ^ a b c Rough 2015.
  7. ^ a b Overall 1870.
  8. ^ a b Baedeker 1891.
  9. ^ a b c d Murray 1876.
  10. ^ Mitchel P. Roth (2006). "Chronology". Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-32856-5.
  11. ^ Oscar Gelderblom (2013). Cities of Commerce: The Institutional Foundations of International Trade in the Low Countries, 1250-1650. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4859-1.
  12. ^ a b c d "Low Countries, 1600–1800 A.D.: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  13. ^ a b c McCulloch 1880.
  14. ^ Glyn Davies; Roy Davies (2002). "Comparative Chronology of Money" – via University of Exeter.
  15. ^ a b "Vanished Amsterdam". Amsterdam Treasures. Stadsarchief Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  16. ^ Steven Anzovin; Janet Podell, eds. (2000). Famous First Facts. H.W. Wilson Co. ISBN 0824209583.
  17. ^ Liedtke, Walter A.; Vermeer, Johannes; Plomp, Michiel; Rüger, Axel (2001). Vermeer and the Delft School. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 197. ISBN 9780870999734.
  18. ^ "Amsterdam". Four hundred years of Dutch Jewry. Amsterdam: Joods Historisch Museum. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Britannica 1910.
  20. ^ Claude Egerton Lowe (1896). "Chronological Summary of the Chief Events in the History of Music". Chronological Cyclopædia of Musicians and Musical Events. London: Weekes & Co. pp. 87–110.
  21. ^ a b Jim Parrott (ed.). "Chronology of Scholarly Societies". Scholarly Societies Project. Canada: University of Waterloo. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
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  23. ^ Coghlan 1863.
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  25. ^ "Netherlands". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1869. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590337.
  26. ^ "Netherlands". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1885. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590469.
  27. ^ a b "Civil Unrest". Amsterdam Treasures. Stadsarchief Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  28. ^ Mary H. Munroe (2004). "Reed Elsevier Timeline". The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 – via Northern Illinois University.
  29. ^ Colin Lawson, ed. (2003). "Orchestras Founded in the 19th Century (chronological list)". Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00132-8.
  30. ^ a b c d e "Movie Theaters in Amsterdam". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  31. ^ a b Haffner 2009.
  32. ^ "Netherlands". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440 – via HathiTrust.
  33. ^ "Van Tooneelmuseum naar Theatermuseum" (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Theater Instituut Nederland. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  34. ^ Paul Groenendijk; Piet Vollaard (2006), Architectural Guide to the Netherlands: 1900-2000, Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, ISBN 906450573X
  35. ^ "International groups & clubs". I amsterdam. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
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  37. ^ Helen Searing (1983). "The Dutch Scene: Black and White and Red All over". Art Journal. 43 (2): 170–177. doi:10.1080/00043249.1983.10792218. JSTOR 776652.
  38. ^ "Netherlands". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8.
  39. ^ Mulder, Eduardo F. J. De; Pater, Ben C. De; Fortuijn, Joos C. Droogleever (28 July 2018). The Netherlands and the Dutch: A Physical and Human Geography. Springer. p. 152. ISBN 9783319750736.
  40. ^ "Timeline Dutch History". Rijksmuseum. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  41. ^ Walter Rüegg [in German], ed. (2011). "Universities founded in Europe between 1945 and 1995". Universities Since 1945. History of the University in Europe. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49425-0.
  42. ^ De Theaterschool. "Geschiedenis". Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  43. ^ a b "Famous". Amsterdam Treasures. Stadsarchief Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  44. ^ a b Delhaye 2010.
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  46. ^ "25 jaar Stichting de Regenboog" (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Stichting De Regenboog. Archived from the original on 5 February 2001.
  47. ^ "Profile: Other Books and so". Umbrella. 1. USA. 1978. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  48. ^ "Festivities". Amsterdam Treasures. Stadsarchief Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  49. ^ Colin Lawson, ed. (2003). "Orchestras Founded in the 20th Century (chronological list)". Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00132-8.
  50. ^ "Amsterdam's Bold Housing Solution: 10 Artificial Islands", CityLab, USA: Atlantic Monthly Group, June 2015
  51. ^ a b c BBC News (17 April 2012). "Netherlands Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  52. ^ a b "Mayor of Amsterdam". City Mayors.com. London: City Mayors Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  53. ^ a b "Amsterdam en Weesp samen meer dan 900.000 inwoners". Gemeente Amsterdam. 24 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  54. ^ Amsterdam to have first woman mayor Halsema Retrieved 31 July 2018. BBC.com
  55. ^ "Weesp is nu een stukje Amsterdam, maar 'Ik blijf een Weespermop'". NOS Nieuws. 24 March 2022. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023.
  56. ^ Angela Vanhaelen (2004). "Local Sites, Foreign Sights: A Sailor's Sketchbook of Human and Animal Curiosities in Early Modern Amsterdam". RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics (45): 256–272. JSTOR 20167631.

This article incorporates information from the Dutch Wikipedia.

Bibliography

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