Timeline of Baghdad

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Baghdad, Iraq.

  1. 2000 BCE – Babylonian city of Baghdadu in existence (approximate date).[1]
  2. 762 CE
  3. 767 – Al-Mansur Mosque built.[4]
  4. 775 – Bab al-Taq (gate) built.[5]
  5. 786 – Harun al-Rashid in power.[6]
  6. 794 – Paper mill in operation.[6][7]
  7. 799 – Mashhad al-Kazimiyya built.[4]
  8. 812-813 Siege of Baghdad, Fourth Fitna (Islamic Civil War)
  9. 814 – City captured by al-Ma'mun.[6]
  10. 827 – Tomb of Zobeide built.[8]
  11. 836 – Abbasid Caliphate of Al-Mu'tasim relocated from Baghdad to Samarra.[9]
  12. 850 – Book of Ingenious Devices published.[10]
  13. 855 – Funeral of Ahmad ibn Hanbal.[11]
  14. 861 – 11 December: Caliph Al-Mutawakkil assassinated.[6]
  15. 865 – City wall built.[12]
  16. 865-866 Caliphal Civil War, was an armed conflict during the "Anarchy at Samarra" between the rival caliphs al-Musta'in and al-Mu'tazz.
  17. 892 – Abbasid Caliphate of Al-Mu'tamid relocated to Baghdad from Samarra.[9]
  18. 901 – Jami al-Qasr (mosque) built.[13]
  19. 908 – Al-Khulafa Mosque built.[4]
  20. 946 – Battle of Baghdad; Shia Buyids in power.[9]
  21. 993 – Dar al-'Ilm (educational institution) founded.[14]
  22. 1055 – Seljuq Nizam al-Mulk in power.[6]
  23. 1060 – Dar al-Kutub (library) founded.[14]
  24. 1066 – Abu Hanifa Mosque restored.
  25. 1067 – Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad (college) established.[9][15]
  26. 1095 – City wall rebuilt.[12]
  27. 1157 - Siege of Baghdad, Abbasid–Seljuq Wars
  28. 1180 – Caliph al-Nasir in power.
  29. 1193 – Jami' Zumurrud Khatun (mosque) and Turbat Zumurrud Khatun (tomb) built.[4]
  30. 1202 – Minaret of Jami' al-Khaffafin built (approximate date).[4]
  31. 1215 – Tomb of Maruf el-Kerkhi built.[8]
  32. 1221 – Bab al-Talsim (Talisman gate) built.[4]
  33. 1226 - al-Baghdadi compiles Kitab al-Tabikh (1226) (cookbook).
  34. 1228 – Jami' al-Qumriyya Mosque built.[4]
  35. 1230 – Al-Qasr al-Abbasi fi al-Qal'a built (approximate date).[4]
  36. 1232 – Al-Mustansiriya Madrasah established.[4][13]
  37. 1252 – Shrine of Abdul-Kadir built.[8]
  38. 1258 – January–February: City destroyed by forces of Mongol Hulagu Khan during the Siege of Baghdad; most of population killed.[9][1]
  39. 1272 – Marco Polo visits city (approximate date).[9]
  40. 1326 – Ibn Battuta visits city.[16]
  41. 1357 – Al-Madrasah al-Mirjaniyya built.[4]
  42. 1358 – Khan al-Mirjan built.[4]
  43. 1393 – City captured by Timur.[9]
  44. 1401 – City captured by Timur again.[9][1]
  45. 1405 – Sultan Ahmed Jalayir in power.[9]
  46. 1417 – City taken by Qara Yusuf.[8]
  47. 1468 – Aq Qoyunlu in power.[6]

16th–19th centuries

  1. 1508 - City taken by Persian Ismail I.[17]
  2. 1534
    • Capture of Baghdad by Ottomans.[9]
    • Mausoleum of Abdul-Qadir al-Gilani built.[4]
  3. 1535 – City becomes capital of the Baghdad Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire.
  4. 1544 – City taken by forces of Suleiman I.[8]
  5. 1578 – Al-Muradiyya Mosque built.[4]
  6. 1601 – Coffeehouse built.[18]
  7. 1602 – City taken by forces of Abbas I of Persia.[8][1]
  8. 1623 – 23 January: Capture of Baghdad by Safavids.[9][1]
  9. 1625 - Siege of Baghdad, Ottoman–Safavid Wars
  10. 1638 – Capture of Baghdad by forces of Ottoman Murad IV.[19]
  11. 1682 – Khaseki mosque built.[1]
  12. 1683 – City besieged.[9]
  13. 1780 – Mamluk Sulayman Pasha the Great in power.[9]
  14. 1795 – Mosque-Madrasa of al-Ahmadiyya built.[4]
  15. 1799 – City besieged by Wahhabi-Saudi forces.[9]
  16. 1816 – Mamluk Dawud Pasha in power.[9]
  17. 1823 – Population: 80,000 (estimate).[20]
  18. 1826 – Haydar-Khana Mosque constructed in its current form.[4]
  19. 1830
    • British East Indian Company in residence (approximate date).[9]
    • Plague.[21]
  20. 1831 – Flood, then famine.[9]
  21. 1841 – Lynch Brothers in business.[22]
  22. 1848 – Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baghdad established.
  23. 1849 – Remnants discovered of quay of Nebuchadrezzar, from Babylonian city of Baghdadu.[1]
  24. 1861 – Istanbul-Baghdad telegraph line installed.[23]
  25. 1865
    • Basrah-Baghdad telegraph line installed.[23]
    • Alliance Israélite boys' school established.[1]
  26. 1869 – Midhat Pasha in power.[9]
  27. 1870
    • Municipal council established.[9]
    • City walls demolished.[13]
  28. 1871 – Population: 65,000.[21]
  29. 1880 – Turkish camel post begins operating (approximate date).[1]
  30. 1895 – Population: 100,000 (estimate).[8]
  31. 1899 – Alliance Israélite girls' school established.[1]

20th century

1900s–1940s

  1. 1908 – Population: 140,000 (estimate).[24]
  2. 1909 – Cinema built.[25]
  3. 1911 – Ottoman XIII Corps headquartered in Baghdad.
  4. 1912 – Population: 200,000 (estimate).[26]
  5. 1914 – October: Samarra-Baghdad railway begins operating.[9]
  6. 1915
    • Istanbul-Baghdad railway begins operating.[6]
    • Al-Rasheed Street laid out.[6]
    • Cholera epidemic.[9]
  7. 1917
    • March: Fall of Baghdad (1917); British in power.[27][28]
    • Cinema opens.[9]
    • Rasheed Street becomes the first to be electrically illuminated in Iraq[29]
  1. 1919 – Guardians of Independence organized.
  2. 1920
    • City becomes capital of the British Mandate of Iraq.
    • Iraqi revolt against the British.
    • Maktabat al-Salam (library) established.
  3. 1926 – Baghdad Antiquities Museum founded.
  4. 1927 – British Imperial Airways begins operating Cairo-Baghdad-Basra flights.[9]
  5. 1929 – Al-Maktabatil Aammah (public library) active.
  6. 1931 – Strike.[30]
  7. 1932 – Third Eastern Women's Congress is held.
  8. 1936 – Military coup.[9]
  9. 1940 – Iraqi Music Institute inaugurated.[31]
  10. 1941 - Iraqi coup d'état in Baghdad, World War II
  11. 1941
    • May: Anglo-Iraqi War.[32]
    • June: Farhud (pogrom against Jews).
  12. 1944 – Baghdad Symphony Orchestra founded.
  13. 1946 – Al-Sarafiya bridge built.
  14. 1947 - Population: 352,137.[33]
  15. 1948
    • Uprising.[9]
    • Popular Theatre Company[31] and filmmaking Studio of Baghdad formed.[25]

22. 1948 - Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries

1950s–1990s

  1. 1952
    • Uprising.[9]
    • Modern Theatre Company formed.[31]
  2. 1953 – Baghdad Central Station built.
  3. 1956
    • Samarra Barrage constructed on the Tigris River near the city.[34]
    • May: Government television begins broadcasting.[35]
    • Uprising.[36]
    • Iraqi Artists Society formed.[37]
  4. 1957
    • University of Baghdad established.
    • Demonstration.[36]
  5. 1958
    • 14 July: Iraqi coup d'état against king Faisal II at Royal Palace.[36]
    • City becomes capital of the Republic of Iraq.
  6. 1959
    • Revolution City built.
    • Al-Mabda' newspaper begins publication.
    • Unknown Soldier monument erected on Firdos Square.[34]
  7. 1960 – September: OPEC founded at Baghdad Conference (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela).
  8. 1961 – Iraq National Library and Archive established.
  9. 1963
    • 8–10 February: Iraqi coup d'état.
    • Khulafa Central Mosque built.
    • Al-Mustansiriya University and Al-Rasheed Sport Club established.
  10. 1964 – Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital established.
  11. 1965 - Population: 1,490,759 city; 1,657,424 urban agglomeration.[38]
  12. 1966
    • Film festival held at Al-Rashid Cinema.[39]
    • Al-Shaab Stadium and Martyrs' Mosque built.[4]
  13. 1967 – Firqat Ittahaad al-Fannaaneed theatre group formed.[31]
  14. 1968 – National Theatre Company established.[31]
  15. 1970 - Population: 1,984,142 (estimate).[40]
  16. 1971 – Baghdad Zoo opens.
  17. 1975 – Central Post Office built.[4]
  18. 1978 – November: Arab League summit.
  19. 1980
    • Iran–Iraq War begins.
    • Film school of the Institute of Fine Arts established.[39]
  20. 1981 – National Film Center and Saddam Hussein Gymnasium (now Baghdad Gymnasium) built.[4]
  21. 1982
    • Saddam International Airport, Al Rasheed Hotel, Palestine Meridien Hotel, and Baghdad Conference Palace[4] built.
    • Ishtar Sheraton Hotel opens.
    • The Monument to the Unknown Soldier inaugurated.[34]
  22. 1983 – Al-Shaheed Monument built.[4]
  23. 1985
    • Baghdad Festival of Arab theatre begins.[31]
    • Amanat Al Assima Housing complex and Central Bank of Iraq building constructed.[4]
  24. 1987 - Population: 3,841,268.[41]
  25. 1988 – Saddam University established.
  26. 1989 – Victory Arch erected.[34]
  27. 1991
    • Gulf War.
    • 13 February: Amiriyah shelter bombing.
  28. 1993 – 26 June: Missile strikes by United States.
  29. 1994 – Baghdad Tower constructed.

21st century

2000s

  • 2002 – April: Statue of Saddam Hussein erected in Firdos Square.
  • 2003
    • 3–12 April: Battle of Baghdad (2003); United States in power; Green Zone established.
    • 9 April: Firdos Square statue destruction.
    • 7 August: Jordanian embassy bombing.
    • 19 August: Canal Hotel bombing.
    • 27 October: Bombings.
  • 2004
    • 2 March: Ashura bombings.
    • 29 May: Alaa al-Tamimi becomes mayor.[42]
    • 25 August: Baghdad International Airport reverts to civilian control.
    • 12 September: Haifa Street helicopter incident.
    • 14 September: Bombing.
  • 2005
    • 8 August: Municipal coup d'état.[42]
    • 31 August: 2005 Baghdad bridge stampede.
    • Baghdad International Film Festival begins.[43]
  • 2006
    • 22 February: Battle of Baghdad (2006–2008)
    • 7 April: Buratha Mosque bombing.
    • 1 July: Sadr City bombing.
    • 9 July: Hay al Jihad massacre.
    • 23 November: Sadr City bombings.
  • 2007
    • 16 January: Mustansiriya University bombings.
    • 22 January: Bombings.
    • 3 February: Market bombing.
    • 14 February: Baghdad Security Plan effected.
    • 18 February: Bombings.
    • 5 March: Mutanabbi Street bombed.[44]
    • 29 March: Bombings.
    • April: Adhamiyah neighborhood Wall construction begins.[45]
    • 26 July: Market bombing.
    • 1 August: Bombings.
  • 2008
    • Baghdad Metro resumes operation.
    • 6 March: Bombing.
    • 17 June: Bombing.
  • 2009
    • 1 January: Control of Green Zone transferred from US to Iraq.
    • Dismantling of war-time blast walls begins.[46]
    • 19 August: Bombings.

2010s

  • 2010
    • 17 August: Bombings.
    • Baghdad FC Stadium opens.
  • 2012
    • 5 January: Bombings.
    • 27 January: Bombing.[47]
    • 23 February: 23 February 2012 Iraq attacks.[47]
    • 4 June: Bombing of Shia office.[47]
  • 2015 - Air pollution in Baghdad reaches annual mean of 88 PM2.5 and 208 PM10, much higher than recommended.[48]
  • 2016 - 3 July: Bombing in Karrada.
  • 2018 - 10 June: Election ballot warehouse catches fire.[49]
  • 2019
    • 1 October: Protests erupted in Baghdad in Liberation Square[50]
    • 7 October: Dozens of protesters were killed and hundreds were injured in Sadr City.[51]
    • 28 October: Safaa Al Sarai killed [52]
    • 14 November: Four people were killed and 62 injured in Baghdad in clashes between security forces and protesters.[53]

2020s

  • 2020
    • 3 January: Qasem Soleimani was assassinated by a U.S. drone strike near Baghdad International Airport.[54][55]
  • 2021
    • 21 January: Bombings.[56]
    • 24 April: Hospital fire.
    • 25 May: anti-government protests.[57]
    • 19 July: Bombing.[58]

See also

  • History of Baghdad
  • List of Abbasid Caliphs
  • Neighbourhoods of Baghdad
  • List of mosques in Baghdad
  • Administrative districts in Baghdad (formed in 2003)
  • List of hospitals in Baghdad Governorate
  • Timelines of other cities in Iraq: Basra, Mosul, Zakho, Samarra

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Rawlinson, Henry Creswicke; Peters, John Punnett (1910). "Bagdad (city)" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–198.
  2. ^ Charles Wendell (1971). "Baghdad: Imago Mundi, and Other Foundation-Lore". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 2 (2): 99–128. doi:10.1017/S0020743800000994. JSTOR 162258. S2CID 163049281.
  3. ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Baghdad". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15388-2.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v ArchNet. "Baghdad". Archived from the original on 10 December 2012.
  5. ^ Jacob Lassner (1966). "Massignon and Baghdad: The Complexities of Growth in an Imperial City". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (1/2): 1–27. doi:10.2307/3596170. JSTOR 3596170.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Jacqueline Griffin (1996), "Baghdad", in Trudy Ring (ed.), Middle East and Africa, International Dictionary of Historic Places, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-884964-03-9
  7. ^ History of Printing Timeline, American Printing History Association, retrieved 6 May 2016
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Charles Wilson, ed. (1895), "Baghdad", Handbook for Travellers in Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Persia, etc., London: John Murray, ISBN 978-0-524-06214-2, OCLC 8979039 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Baghdad", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO
  10. ^ Jim Al-Khalili (2010), Pathfinders: the golden age of Arabic science, London: Allen Lane, ISBN 978-1-84614-161-4
  11. ^ Felix Jones (1856). "Brief Observations, Forming an Appendix to the Map of Baghdad". Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society. 12. Bombay.
  12. ^ a b George Makdisi (1959). "Topography of Eleventh Century Baġdād: Materials and Notes". Arabica. 6 (2): 178–197. doi:10.1163/157005859X00334. JSTOR 4055493.
  13. ^ a b c Francoise Micheau (2008). "Baghdad in the Abbasid Era". The City in the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16240-2.
  14. ^ a b George Makdisi (1961). "Muslim Institutions of Learning in Eleventh-Century Baghdad". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 24 (1): 1–56. doi:10.1017/s0041977x0014039x. JSTOR 610293. S2CID 154869619.
  15. ^ "West Asia: Iraq, 1000–1400 A.D.: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  16. ^ Michael Cooperson (1996). "Baghdad in Rhetoric and Narrative". Muqarnas. 13. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012.
  17. ^ Justin Marozzi (2014). Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-194804-1.
  18. ^ Markman Ellis (2004). The Coffee-House: a Cultural History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-84319-2.
  19. ^ "Bagdad". Edinburgh Gazetteer (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. 1829.
  20. ^ Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Bagdad", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
  21. ^ a b Edward Balfour, ed. (1871). "Baghdad". Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia (2nd ed.). Madras: Scottish and Adelphi Press.
  22. ^ Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914: A Documentary Economic History. Oxford University Press. 1988.
  23. ^ a b Soli Shahvar (2003). "Tribes and Telegraphs in Lower Iraq: The Muntafiq and the Baghdad-Basrah Telegraph Line of 1863-65". Middle Eastern Studies. 39 (1): 89–116. doi:10.1080/00263200412331301607. JSTOR 4284278. S2CID 145792034.
  24. ^ Lorimer (1908). "City of Baghdad". Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing India.
  25. ^ a b Oliver Leaman, ed. (2001), Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-18703-9
  26. ^ "Baghdad", Palestine and Syria (5th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1912
  27. ^ "Iraq Profile: Timeline". BBC News. 16 August 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  28. ^ Stephen Pope; Elizabeth-Anne Wheal (1995). "Select Chronology". Dictionary of the First World War. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-85052-979-1.
  29. ^ "Ministry of Electricity". 2 April 2009. Archived from the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  30. ^ Peter Sluglett (2007), Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country 1914-1932, NY: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-14200-7
  31. ^ a b c d e f Don Rubin, ed. (1999), World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-05932-1
  32. ^ Richard Overy, ed. (2013). New York Times Book of World War II 1939-1945. USA: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60376-377-6.
  33. ^ "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1955. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations.
  34. ^ a b c d Caecilia Pieri (2008). "Modernity and its Posts in Constructing an Arab Capital: Baghdad's Urban Space and Architecture". Middle East Studies Association Bulletin. 42 (1/2): 32–39. JSTOR 23063540.
  35. ^ Douglas A. Boyd (1982). "Radio and Television in Iraq: The Electronic Media in a Transitional Arab World Country". Middle Eastern Studies. 18 (4): 400–410. doi:10.1080/00263208208700522. JSTOR 4282908.
  36. ^ a b c Kwasi Kwarteng (2011), Ghosts of empire: Britain's legacies in the modern world, New York: PublicAffairs
  37. ^ Orit Bashkin (2008), The other Iraq: pluralism and culture in Hashemite Iraq, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-5992-2
  38. ^ "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1975. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office. 1976. pp. 253–279.
  39. ^ a b Terri Ginsberg; Chris Lippard (2010), Historical Dictionary of Middle Eastern Cinema, USA: Scarecrow Press
  40. ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office. 1987. pp. 247–289.
  41. ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1995 Demographic Yearbook. New York: United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division. 1997. pp. 262–321.
  42. ^ a b "Baghdad Mayor Is Ousted by a Shiite Group and Replaced". New York Times. 10 August 2005.
  43. ^ "Baghdad International Film Festival". Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  44. ^ "Baghdad car bomb hits book market". Al Jazeera. 6 March 2007.
  45. ^ "Baghdad security walls curb violence, at a cost". Reuters. 6 February 2008.
  46. ^ "When the Walls Come Down". New York Times. 14 October 2009.
  47. ^ a b c Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2013. ISBN 978-1-62513-103-4.
  48. ^ "Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database". World Health Organization. 2016. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014.
  49. ^ "Iraq election: Fire at Baghdad ballot paper depot", BBC News, 10 June 2018
  50. ^ "A new wave of Arab protesters say, 'It's the economy, stupid!'". CNN. 4 October 2019.
  51. ^ "Iraqi Army Ordered Out of Sadr City, Where Dozens Died at Protests". New York Times. The Associated Press. 7 October 2019.
  52. ^ 24 December 2019 | 04:13 بالصورة..رسالة الشهيد صفاء السراي تصل إلى يونس محمود بغداد بوست Archived 11 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  53. ^ AP, Qassim Abdul-Zahra. "Iraq officials: 4 protesters killed in Baghdad clashes". Washington Post. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  54. ^ Gal Perl Finkel, Potential for strategic turns, The Jerusalem Post, 16 February 2020.
  55. ^ Tom O'Connor; James Laporta (2 January 2020). "Iraq Militia Officials, Iran's Quds Force Head Killed in U.S. Drone Strike". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  56. ^ "At least 32 killed as first suicide bombing in nearly 2 years rocks Baghdad". CNN News. 21 January 2021.
  57. ^ "Country has no future': Iraqi protester killed at Baghdad rally". ALJAZEERA News. 25 May 2021.
  58. ^ "Suicide attack in Iraq's Sadr City kills at least 35, wounds dozens -sources". Reuters. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.

Bibliography

Published in 17th–18th centuries

  • Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1676). "(Bagdat)". Les Six Voyages (in French). Paris.
  • Allain Manesson Mallet (1683), "De la ville de Bagdet", Description de l'univers (in French), Paris: Denys Thierry
  • Barthélemy d' Herbelot (1777), "Bagdad", Bibliotheque orientale (in French), The Hague: J. Neaulme & N. van Daalen

Published in 19th century

  • J.B.L.J. Rousseau (1809). Description du pachalik de Bagdad (in French).
  • Abraham Rees (1819), "Bagdad", The Cycloppædia, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown
  • Robert Ker Porter (1821), "(Bagdad)", Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, ancient Babylonia, &c. &c, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, OCLC 5524754
  • Robert Mignan (1829), "(Bagdad)", Travels in Chaldæa, London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley
  • David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Bagdad". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
  • Anthony Norris Groves (1832), Journal of a residence at Bagdad during the years 1830 and 1831, London: J. Nisbet, OCLC 5000777, OL 13493447M
  • "Bagdad". American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge. 1. Boston: Boston Bewick Co. 1834. hdl:2027/hvd.hny8ty.
  • Josiah Conder (1834), "Bagdad", Dictionary of Geography, Ancient and Modern, London: T. Tegg
  • James Raymond Wellsted (1840), "Bagdat", Travels to the City of the Caliphs, along the Shores of the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, London: H. Colburn, OCLC 5395027
  • Thomas Bartlett (1841). "Bagdad". New Tablet of Memory; or, Chronicle of Remarkable Events. London: Thomas Kelly.
  • Theodore Alois Buckley (1862), "Bagdad", Great Cities of the Middle Ages (2nd ed.), London: Routledge, Warne, & Routledge
  • George Henry Townsend (1867), "Bagdad", A Manual of Dates (2nd ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co.
  • William Henry Overall, ed. (1870), "Baghdad", Dictionary of Chronology, London: William Tegg, OCLC 2613202
  • Grattan Geary (1878), "City of the Caliphs", Through Asiatic Turkey, London: S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, OCLC 4918876
  • Ibn Serapion; Guy Le Strange (1895). "Description of Mesopotamia and Baghdad, written about the year 900 AD by Ibn Serapion". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. London. hdl:2027/mdp.39015020450659.
  • Max Freiherr von Oppenheim (1899), "Baġdād", Vom Mittelmeer zum Persischen Golf (in German), Berlin: D. Reimer (E. Vohsen), OCLC 13166400
  • Guy Le Strange (1900), Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate, Oxford: Clarendon Press (Bibliography + Index).

Published in 20th century

  • "Bagdad", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901
  • Pedro Teixeira (1902), "Concerning the City of Bagdad", The Travels of Pedro Teixeira, translated by William F. Sinclair, London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society
  • Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (1904), L' introduction topographique â l'histoire de Bagdâdh d'Aboû Bakr Aḥmad ibn Thâbit al-Khatîb al-Bagdâdhî (in French), translated by George Salmon, Paris: É. Bouillon, OCLC 23419471, OL 6942714M
  • "Bagdad", Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 2, New York: KTAV Publishing House, 1907
  • "Bagdad". Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon (in German) (14th ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1908.
  • Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Bagdad", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
  • Rawlinson, Henry Creswicke; Peters, John Punnett (1910). "Bagdad (city)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 194–198.
  • "Baghdad". Encyclopaedia of Islam. E.J. Brill. 1913. p. 563?+. ISBN 90-04-08265-4. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  • Sven Hedin (1918), "Bagdad einst und jetzt", Bagdad, Babylon, Ninive (in German), Leipzig: Brockhaus
  • Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi (1923–1924). M. Bahjat al-Atharī (ed.). Manāqib Baghdād (in Arabic). Baghdād: Maṭbaʿat Dār al-Salām.
  • Freya Stark (1932). Baghdad Sketches.
  • Leon E. Seltzer, ed. (1952), "Baghdad", Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 140, OL 6112221M
  • Ibn al-Banna; George Makdisi (1956–1957). "Autograph diary of an eleventh-century historian of Baghdad". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 18: 9–31. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00122189. S2CID 246637775.
  • "Baghdad", Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1960, p. 92, OL 5812502M
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