Timeline of Beirut

33°53′13″N 35°30′47″E / 33.88694°N 35.51306°E / 33.88694; 35.51306 The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Beirut, Lebanon.

Prior to 20th century

Part of a series on the
History of Lebanon
Timeline
Ancient
  • Prehistory
  • Canaan/Phoenicia (2500–333 BC)
  • Amurru kingdom (2000 BC)
  • Egyptian rule (1550–1077 BC)
  • Hittite rule (1600–1178 BC)
  • Assyrian rule (883–605 BC)
  • Babylonian rule (605–538 BC)
  • Persian rule (538–332 BC)
Classical
  • Hellenistic rule (332–64 BC)
  • Roman rule (64 BC–646 AD)
  • Sassanid interlude (610s–628 AD)
Medieval
Colonial
  • Ottoman rule (1516–1918)
  • Emirate of Mount Lebanon (1516–1840)
  • Tripoli Eyalet (1579–1864)
  • Sidon Eyalet (1660–1864)
  • Shihabs (1697–1842)
  • El Assaad Family (1749–1957)
  • Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon (1843-1861)
  • Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate (1861–1918)
  • Beirut Vilayet (1888–1917)
  • Allied administration (1918–1920)
  • French rule (1920–1943)
Republic of Lebanon
  • 1958 Lebanon crisis
  • Chehabist era
  • Palestinian insurgency
  • Lebanese Civil War (Aftermath)
  • Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon
  • Syrian occupation of Lebanon
  • 2005 Lebanon bombings
  • Cedar Revolution
  • 2006 July War
  • 2006–08 political protests
  • 2007 North Lebanon conflict
  • 2008 conflict in Lebanon
  • Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon
  • Lebanese presidential crisis
  • Maritime boundary dispute
  • Liquidity crisis (Reaction)
  • Political crisis
  • 2020 Beirut explosion
  • Israeli invasion of Lebanon
By city and region
By century
flag Lebanon portal
  • 140 BC – City destroyed by Diodotus Tryphon.[1]
  • 64 BC – Beirut conquered by Agrippa.
  • 14 BC – During the reign of Herod the Great, Berytus became a colonia.
  • 551 CE – Earthquake.[1]
  • 635 – Beirut passes into Arab control.[1]
  • 759 – Prince Arslan bin al-Mundhir founds the Principality of Sin-el-Fil in Beirut.
  • 1110 – Baldwin overtakes city, is absorbed into the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[1]
  • 1187 – Saladin re-takes city.[1]
  • early 17th.C. – Fakhr al-Din II fortifies the town.[1]
  • 1763 – Ottomans reclaim the city.[1]
  • 1772 – Russian occupations of Beirut.
  • 1832 – Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt in power.[2]
  • 1840
    • October: Battle of Beirut.[2]
    • Settlement of the hills surrounding the walled city begins, notably Moussaitbeh and Achrafieh
  • 1853 – Grand Serail built.
  • 1858 – Hadiqat al-Akhbar newspaper begins publication.
  • 1860
    • Druze–Maronite conflict.
    • Sursock House built.
  • 1866 – Syrian Protestant College established.
  • 1868 – Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut established.
  • 1875
    • Saint Joseph University founded.
    • Thamarāt al Funūn newspaper begins publication.[3]
  • 1877 – Lisan al-Hal newspaper begins publication.[3]
  • 1883 – Hôtel-Dieu de France founded.
  • 1888 – Beirut was made capital of a vilayet (governorate) in Syria,[37] including the sanjaks (prefectures) Latakia, Tripoli, Beirut, Acre and Bekaa.
  • 1894
    • Saint George Maronite Cathedral constructed.[1]
    • Harbour, constructed by a French company.[1]
  • 1895 – Railway completed "across the Lebanon to Damascus."[1]
  • 1898 – Population: 120,000 (approximate).[4][1]

20th century

1900s–1960s

  • 1999 al-Iqbāl newspaper begins publication.[3]
  • 1907
    • Railway to Aleppo completed.[1]
    • René Moawad Garden established.
    • Baidaphon (record label) in business (approximate date).[5]
  • 1916 – Place des Canons renamed Martyrs' Square.
  • 1920 – Beirut Stock Exchange founded.
  • 1920 – 1 September: Lebanon Republic (Greater Lebanon) proclaimed a state.
  • 1921 – Beirut Traders Association founded.[6]
  • 1924 – Al Joumhouria newspaper begins publication
  • 1925
    • National Conservatory of Music established.[5]
    • Maghen Abraham Synagogue built.
  • 1927 – American Junior College for Women opens in Ras Beirut.
  • 1933
    • Parliament of Lebanon building erected.
    • An-Nahar newspaper begins publication.[3]
    • L'Orient newspaper begins publication.
  • 1934 – Population: 162,000 (approximate).[7]
  • 1936 – Kamel Abbas Hamieh takes office as Governor of Beirut.
  • 1937
    • Académie libanaise des beaux-arts founded.
    • Ararad newspaper begins publication.
    • Zartonk newspaper begins publication.
  • 1938 – Al Akhbar newspaper begins publication.
  • 1941 – Eastern Times newspaper begins publication.[3]
  • 1942 – National Museum of Beirut opens.
    View of Beirut in 1950
  • 1943 – Beirut becomes capital city of independent Lebanon.
  • 1946
    • Nicolas Rizk takes office as Governor of Beirut.
    • Al-Hayat newspaper begins publication.[1]
  • 1950 – Population: 181,271.[8]
    Beirut in 1950
  • 1951 – Lebanese University and Lycée Franco-Libanais Verdun founded.
  • 1952
    • George Assi takes office as Governor of Beirut.
    • The Daily Star newspaper begins publication.
  • 1954 – Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport opens.
  • 1956 – Bachour Haddad takes office as Governor of Beirut.
  • 1957 – Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium opens.
  • 1958 – Population: 400,000 (estimate).[9]
  • 1959
    • Télé Liban (television) begins broadcasting.[10]
    • Philip Boulos takes office as Governor of Beirut.
    • Al Anwar newspaper begins publication.
  • 1960
    • Beirut Arab University established.
    • Emile Yanni takes office as Governor of Beirut.
  • 1961
  • 1963 – Gallery One (cultural space) opens.[11]
  • 1964 – Saint Nicolas Garden opens.
  • 1966 – Al Ahed football team established, headquartered in Beirut.
  • 1967 – Chafik Abou Haydar takes office as Governor of Beirut.
  • 1968 – "Israel raids Beirut airport."[12]

1970s–1990s

  • 1970
    • L'Orient Le Jour newspaper begins publication.
    • Population: 474,870 city; 938,940 urban agglomeration.[13]
    • Sassine Square construction ends
  • 1972 – Manoukian Center established.[11]
  • 1973 – Holiday Inn in business.[14]
  • 1974 – As-Safir newspaper begins publication.
  • 1975
    • April: Lebanese Civil War begins.[12]
    • Green Line established between mainly Muslim factions in West Beirut and the Christian Lebanese Front in East Beirut.
    • Centre for Arab Unity Studies founded.[15]
  • 1976 – al-Murābiṭ newspaper begins publication.[3]
  • 1977 – Mitri El Nammar takes office as Governor of Beirut.
  • 1978 – Syrian siege of Achrafiyeh, the main Christian district of Beirut.
  • 1982
    • Israeli invasion.
    • 14 September: Bachir Gemayel assassinated.
  • 1983 – French and US barracks bombed.
  • 1986 – Centre de Documentation et de Recherches Arabes Chretiennes founded.[16]
  • 1987 – George Smaha takes office as Governor of Beirut.
  • 1988 – Ad-Diyar newspaper begins publication.
  • 1989 – Lebanese Center for Policy Studies headquartered in city.[15]
  • 1990 – Center for Strategic Studies Research and Documentation[17]
  • 1991 – Al Manar TV begins broadcasting.
  • 1992 – Nayef Al Maaloof takes office as Governor of Beirut
  • 1993
    • B 018 nightclub opens.
    • Future Television begins broadcasting.
  • 1994 – Solidere (redevelopment company) founded.[18]
  • 1995 – Nicolas Saba takes office as Governor of Beirut
  • 1997
    • Arab Image Foundation established.[19]
    • Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium rebuilt.
  • 1999
    • Yaacoub Sarraf takes office as Governor of Beirut.
    • Planet Discovery children's museum inaugurated.
    • Lebanese National Symphony Orchestra and Al-Kafaàt University founded.
  • 2000 – Museum of Lebanese Prehistory established.

21st century

2000s

  • 2001 – Beirut International Exhibition & Leisure Center opens.
  • 2003
    • Beirut Marathon begins.
    • Music Hall opens.
    • Al-Balad newspaper begins publication.
  • 2004
    • Souk el Tayeb farmer's market opens.[20]
    • Helem (LGBT group) active.[21]
    • Al-Saha Village restaurant in business.[22][23]
  • 2005
    • Cedar Revolution
    • Nassif Kaloosh takes office as Governor of Beirut
    • Ya Libnan news website launched.
  • 2006
    • Political protests
    • Robert Mouawad Private Museum opens.
    • Sister city relationship established with Los Angeles, USA.[24]
  • 2007 – Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque built.
  • 2008 – Platinum Tower built.
  • 2009
    • 2009 Jeux de la Francophonie held in Beirut.
    • Beirut Art Center opens.[19]
    • Beirut Souks and Le Gray hotel in business.[20]
    • City named World Book Capital by UNESCO.

2010s

  • 2010
    • Bilal Hamad becomes mayor.
    • Four Seasons Hotel Beirut opens.[25]
  • 2011
    • Political protests
    • Zaitunay Bay pedestrian area opens.[26]
  • 2012
    • Violent unrest related to Syrian uprising.
    • Al-Mayadeen television begins broadcasting.[27]
    • 19 October: Bombing in Achrafieh.
    • 16 November: Überhaus nightclub opens.
  • 2013
    • 9 July: Bombing in Bir el-Abed.
    • 15 August: Bombing.
    • 19 November: Iranian embassy bombings.
    • 27 December: Bombing.
  • 2015
    • 21 July: Protests.
    • 12 November: Bombing.

2020s

  • 2020
    • 4 August: Explosion in port
  • 2021
    • 14 October: Clashes

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Britannica 1910.
  2. ^ a b Haydn 1910.
  3. ^ a b c d e f OCLC. "WorldCat". Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  4. ^ Palestine and Syria, Karl Baedeker, Leipzig, 1898
  5. ^ a b Racy 1986.
  6. ^ "Beirut Traders Association". Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  7. ^ Mittelmeer, Karl Baedeker, Leipzig, 1934
  8. ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia, CUP, New York, 1950
  9. ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966. pp. 140–161.
  10. ^ Europa World Year Book 2004. Europa Publications. 2004. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8.
  11. ^ a b Rogers 2008.
  12. ^ a b "Chronology of Key Events". Lebanon Profile. BBC News. 24 August 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  13. ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ "A history of cities in 50 buildings", The Guardian, UK, 2015
  15. ^ a b "Think Tank Directory". Philadelphia: Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  16. ^ Scalenghe 2003.
  17. ^ "The Center". Center for Strategic Studies Research and Documentation. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  18. ^ Barrington, Lisa (12 December 2017). "Beirut redeveloper Solidere struggles through Lebanon's turmoil". Reuters. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  19. ^ a b "Lebanon". Art Spaces Directory. New York: New Museum. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  20. ^ a b M. Egan (28 March 2010). "The Scene- Beirut". The New York Times.
  21. ^ Deeb 2007.
  22. ^ Mona Khechen (2007). "Beyond the Spectacle: Al-Saha Village, Beirut". Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review. 19. International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments – via University of California, Berkeley. Free access icon
  23. ^ Deeb 2013.
  24. ^ "Sister Cities of Los Angeles". USA: City of Los Angeles. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  25. ^ S. Sherwood (29 April 2010). "36 Hours in Beirut". The New York Times.
  26. ^ R. Doyle (17 February 2012). "In Beirut, the Zaitunay Bay Promenade Opens". The New York Times.
  27. ^ "New pan-Arab satellite channel hopes to counter Al-Jazeera's Arab Spring coverage". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 11 June 2012.

This article incorporates information from the French Wikipedia.

Bibliography

Published in 19th century
  • John Macgregor (1844). "Syria and Palestine: Beyrout". Commercial Statistics. London: C. Knight and Co.
  • "Beyrout", Cook's Tourists' Handbook for Palestine and Syria, London: T. Cook & Son, 1876
  • Èmile Isambert (1881). "Beyrout". Itinéraire descriptif, historique et archéologique de l'Orient. Guides Joanne (in French). Vol. 3: Syrie, Palestine. Hachette. hdl:2027/nyp.33433002689614.
  • R. Lambert Playfair (1892), "Beyrout", Handbook to the Mediterranean (3rd ed.), London: John Murray
  • "Beirut", Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine (3rd ed.), Leipsig: K. Baedeker, 1898
Published in 20th century
  • Wilson, Charles William; Hogarth, David George (1910). "Beirut" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). p. 123.
  • Benjamin Vincent (1910). "Beyrout". Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.). London: Ward, Lock & Co.
  • Ali Jihad Racy (1986). "Words and Music in Beirut: A Study of Attitudes". Ethnomusicology. 30 (3): 413–427. doi:10.2307/851587. JSTOR 851587.
  • Mona Takieddin Amyuni (1987). "The Image of the City: Wounded Beirut". Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics (7). JSTOR 521854. – literary criticism
  • Dona J. Stewart (1996). "Economic Recovery and Reconstruction in Postwar Beirut". Geographical Review. 86 (4): 487–504. Bibcode:1996GeoRv..86..487S. doi:10.2307/215929. JSTOR 215929.
  • Saree Makdisi (1997). "Laying Claim to Beirut: Urban Narrative and Spatial Identity in the Age of Solidere". Critical Inquiry. 23 (3): 661–705. doi:10.1086/448848. JSTOR 1344040. S2CID 162322532.
  • Projecting Beirut. 1998.
Published in 21st century
  • Sara Scalenghe and Nadya Sbaiti (2003). "Conducting Research in Lebanon: An Overview of Historical Sources in Beirut". Middle East Studies Association Bulletin. 37. JSTOR 23063088.
  • C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Beirut". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 53+. ISBN 978-9004153882.
  • Lara Deeb and Mona Harb (2007). "Sanctioned Pleasures: Youth, Piety and Leisure in Beirut". Middle East Report (245): 12–19. JSTOR 25164816.
  • Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Beirut", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO, p. 82+, ISBN 9781576079201
  • Joe Nasr; Eric Verdeil (2008). "Reconstructions of Beirut". City in the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 1115+. ISBN 978-9004171688 – via HAL, Centre pour la communication scientifique directe, France.
  • Sarah Rogers (2008). "Producing the Local: The Visual Arts in Beirut". Middle East Studies Association Bulletin. 42 (1/2): 19–25. JSTOR 23063538.
  • Gerhard Böwering, ed. (2013). "Beirut". Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0.
  • Lara Deeb; Mona Harb (2013). Leisurely Islam: Negotiating Geography and Morality in Shi'ite South Beirut. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4856-0.
  • Beirut City Profile, United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2021
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