Frexalimab (SAR441344) is a second-generation monoclonal antibody that inhibits CD40 ligand. It is in development by Sanofi for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
References
- ^ Carvalho, Thiago (5 July 2023). "Anti-CD40L antibody frexalimab slows new brain lesions in multiple sclerosis". Nature Medicine. 29 (8): 1882–1883. doi:10.1038/d41591-023-00060-4. PMID 37407835.
- ^ Niebel, Dennis; de Vos, Luka; Fetter, Tanja; Brägelmann, Christine; Wenzel, Jörg (July 2023). "Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: An Update on Pathogenesis and Future Therapeutic Directions". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 24 (4): 521–540. doi:10.1007/s40257-023-00774-8. PMC 10157137. PMID 37140884.
- ^ Ritter, Jacob; Chen, Yidan; Stefanski, Ana-Luisa; Dörner, Thomas (November 2022). "Current and future treatment in primary Sjögren's syndrome – A still challenging development". Joint Bone Spine. 89 (6): 105406. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2022.105406. PMID 35537697.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
- ^ Fadul, Camilo E.; Mao-Draayer, Yang; Ryan, Kathleen A.; Noelle, Randolph J.; Wishart, Heather A.; Channon, Jacqueline Y.; Kasper, Isaac R.; Oliver, Brant; Mielcarz, Daniel W.; Kasper, Lloyd H. (November 2021). "Safety and Immune Effects of Blocking CD40 Ligand in Multiple Sclerosis". Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation. 8 (6): e1096. doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000001096. PMC 8527364. PMID 34654708.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
- ^ Vial, G.; Gensous, N.; Duffau, P. (October 2021). "L'axe CD40-CD40L : implications actuelles et futures en immunologie clinique". La Revue de Médecine Interne. 42 (10): 722–728. doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2021.02.005. PMID 33674076.
- ^ Cree, Bruce A.C.; Hartung, Hans-Peter; Barnett, Michael (June 2022). "New drugs for multiple sclerosis: new treatment algorithms". Current Opinion in Neurology. 35 (3): 262–270. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000001063. PMID 35674067.
Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system |
|---|
| Signs and symptoms |
- Ataxia
- Depression
- Diplopia
- Dysarthria
- Dysphagia
- Fatigue
- Incontinence
- Nystagmus
- Optic neuritis
- Pain
- Uhthoff's phenomenon
|
|---|
| Investigations and diagnosis |
- Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
- Poser criteria
- Clinical
- Clinically isolated syndrome
- Expanded Disability Status Scale
- Serological and CSF
- Radiological
- Radiologically isolated syndrome
- Lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system
- Dawson's fingers
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| Approved treatment |
- Management of multiple sclerosis
- Alemtuzumab
- Cladribine
- Dimethyl fumarate
- Diroximel fumarate
- Fingolimod
- Glatiramer acetate
- Interferon beta-1a
- Interferon beta-1b
- Laquinimod
- Mitoxantrone
- Monomethyl fumarate
- Natalizumab
- Ocrelizumab (+hyaluronidase)
- Ozanimod
- Ponesimod
- Siponimod
- Teriflunomide
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| Other treatments |
- Former
- Research in multiple sclerosis
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| Demyelinating diseases | | Autoimmune |
- Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
- Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis
- MOG antibody disease
- Multiple sclerosis
- Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
|
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| Inflammatory |
- Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
- Balo concentric sclerosis
- Marburg acute multiple sclerosis
- Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
- Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis
- Tumefactive multiple sclerosis
- Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
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| Hereditary |
- Adrenoleukodystrophy
- Alexander disease
- Canavan disease
- Krabbe disease
- Metachromatic leukodystrophy
- Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease
- Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter
- Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts
- CAMFAK syndrome
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| Other | |
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|
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| Other |
- List of multiple sclerosis organizations
- List of people with multiple sclerosis
- Multiple sclerosis drug pipeline
- Pathophysiology
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Immunosuppressive drugs / Immunosuppressants (L04) |
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Intracellular (initiation) | | Antimetabolites | |
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Macrolides/ other IL-2 inhibitors | |
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| IMiDs |
- Lenalidomide
- Pomalidomide
- Thalidomide
- PDE4 inhibitor
|
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| JAK inhibitors |
- Baricitinib
- Deucravacitinib
- Deuruxolitinib
- Filgotinib
- Itacitinib
- Peficitinib
- Ritlecitinib
- Tofacitinib
- Upadacitinib
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|
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Intracellular (reception) | |
|---|
| Extracellular | | Antibodies | | Monoclonal | Serum target (noncellular) |
- TNF
- Adalimumab
- Afelimomab
- Certolizumab pegol
- Golimumab
- Infliximab
- Nerelimomab
- Interleukin
- Anakinra
- Basiliximab
- Bimekizumab
- Briakinumab
- Brodalumab
- Canakinumab
- Daclizumab
- Guselkumab
- Ixekizumab
- Netakimab
- Olokizumab
- Rilonacept
- Risankizumab
- Sarilumab
- Satralizumab
- Secukinumab
- Siltuximab
- Sirukumab
- Spesolimab
- Tildrakizumab
- Tocilizumab
- Ustekinumab
|
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Cellular target | |
|---|
| Unsorted |
- Alemtuzumab
- Anifrolumab
- Atorolimumab
- Begelomab
- Bimekizumab
- Briakinumab
- Brodalumab
- Canakinumab
- Cedelizumab
- Crovalimab
- Emapalumab
- Fontolizumab
- Guselkumab
- Inebilizumab
- Ixekizumab
- Maslimomab
- Morolimumab
- Nipocalimab
- Ofatumumab
- Olokizumab
- Pexelizumab
- Ravulizumab
- Reslizumab
- Risankizumab
- Rovelizumab
- Rozanolixizumab
- Sarilumab
- Satralizumab
- Siltuximab
- Siplizumab
- Sirukumab
- Spesolimab
- Sutimlimab
- Talizumab
- Telimomab aritox
- Teprotumumab
- Tildrakizumab
- Vapaliximab
- Vepalimomab
|
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|
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| Polyclonal |
- Anti-thymocyte globulin
- Anti-lymphocyte globulin
|
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|
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| -cept (Fusion) |
- CTLA-4
- TNF inhibitor
- Aflibercept
- Alefacept
- Rilonacept
- Telitacicept
|
|---|
|
|---|
| Unsorted |
- Avacopan
- Blisibimod
- Danicopan
- Darvadstrocel
- Dimethyl fumarate
- Diroximel fumarate
- Efgartigimod alfa (+hyaluronidase)
- Etrasimod
- Fingolimod
- Iptacopan
- Ozanimod
- Pegcetacoplan
- Pirfenidone
- Ponesimod
- Siponimod
- Tegomil fumarate
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|
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| Immune system | |
|---|
| Interleukin | | Human |
- Bermekimab
- Brazikumab
- Briakinumab
- Canakinumab
- Fezakinumab
- Fletikumab
- Guselkumab
- Secukinumab
- Sirukumab
- Tralokinumab
- Ustekinumab
|
|---|
| Humanized |
- Anrukinzumab
- Bimekizumab
- Clazakizumab
- Gevokizumab
- Ixekizumab
- Mirikizumab†
- Lebrikizumab
- Olokizumab†
- Perakizumab
- Risankizumab
- Spesolimab
- Tildrakizumab
|
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| Veterinary | |
|---|
|
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| Inflammatory lesions | | Mouse |
- Besilesomab
- Fanolesomab‡
- Lemalesomab
- Sulesomab
|
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|
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- #WHO-EM
- ‡Withdrawn from market
- Clinical trials:
- †Phase III
- §Never to phase III
|