Ironwood

Ironwood is a common name for many woods that have a reputation for hardness, or specifically a wood density that is denser than water (approximately 1000 kg/m3, or 62 pounds per cubic foot), although usage of the name ironwood in English may or may not indicate a tree that yields such heavy wood.

Some of the species with their common name

  • Acacia aulacocarpa (Brush ironwood)
  • Acacia estrophiolata (Southern ironwood), central Australia[1]
  • Acacia excelsa (Ironwood)
  • Acacia melanoxylon (Ironwood)
  • Acacia stenophylla (Ironwood), Australia
  • Aegiphila martinicensis (Ironwood)
  • Afzelia africana (Ironwood)
  • Androstachys johnsonii (Lebombo ironwood), southeastern Africa and Madagascar[2]
  • Allagoptera caudescens, Borassus flabellifer, Caryota urens, Iriartea deltoidea Black Palm, Palmira wood (Black ironwood)
  • Argania spinosa (Morocco ironwood, Thorny, Prickly ironwood)
  • Astronium fraxinifolium, Astronium urundeuva (Ironwood)
  • Backhousia bancroftii (Bancroft's ironwood)
  • Backhousia citriodora (Lemon ironwood), northeastern Australia
  • Backhousia myrtifolia (Carrol ironwood, Ironwood)
  • (Backhousia subargentea Syn.: Choricarpia subargentea) (Giant ironwood), eastern Australia[3]
  • Bridelia micrantha (Benin or Yoruba ironwood), Bridelia atroviridis (Yoruba ironwood)
  • Carpinus caroliniana American hornbeam (Ironwood, Blue-beech ironwood, Smooth-barked ironwood), eastern North America[4]
  • Casuarinaceae, She-oaks in general, Southeast Asia (Australian ironwood)
  • (Cenostigma pluviosum Syn.: Caesalpinia pluviosa) (Bolivian ironwood)
  • Cercocarpus spp. (Ironwood), Cercocarpus betuloides (Mountain ironwood)
  • Chionanthus battiscombei (Water pock ironwood, Small-fruited ironwood, Water Ornate-leaf(ved) ironwood)
  • Chionanthus caymanensis (Ironwood, Cayman ironwood)
  • Chioanthus compactus (White ironwood)
  • Chionanthus panamensis, Chionanthus ligustrinus (Pine ridge ironwood)
  • Chionanthus peglerae (Bastard black ironwood or Giant pock ironwood and Pegler's bastard ironwood, Large-leaved ironwood)
  • (Citharexylum flexuosum Syn.: Citharexylum spinosum) (White ironwood)
  • Cliftonia monophylla (Ironwood)
  • Coccoloba pubescens (Broad-leaved ironwood)
  • Colophospermum mopane (Black ironwood, Rhodesian ironwood)
  • Colubrina elliptica (Ironwood, Martinique ironwood), Colubrina arborescens (West Indian ironwood)
  • Combretum imberbe (Ironwood)
  • Cordia subcordata (Ironwood)
  • Cossinia pinnata (Judas ironwood)
  • Cryptocarya lauriflora (Borneo ironwood), Cryptocarya ferrea (Java ironwood)
  • Cyrtophyllum fragrans (Ironwood)
  • Cynometra alexandri (Uganda ironwood), central and east Africa[6]
  • Cyrilla racemiflora (Ironwood, Swamp ironwood)
  • Dalbergia melanoxylon (African ironwood)
  • Dialium guianense (Ironwood)
  • Diploglottis australis Syn.: Diploglottis cunninghamii) (Australian, New Holland ironwood)
  • Distylium racemosum (Japanese ironwood)
  • Drypetes gerrardii (Bastard white ironwood, Forest ironwood)
  • Erythrophleum chlorostachys Steelwood (Cooktown ironwood, Red or Northern ironwood, Leguminous ironwood, Poisonous ironwood), native to northern Australia[7]
  • Erythroxylum areolatum (Cartagena ironwood, Jamaica ironwood)
  • Eucalyptus spp. (Australian ironwood)
  • Eugenia confusa (Red berry ironwood, Tropical ironwood)
  • Eusideroxylon zwageri (Borneo ironwood, Chinese ironwood, Real or True ironwood), southeast Asia
  • Exostema caribaeum (Bastard ironwood)
  • Exothea paniculata (Ironwood)
  • Fagraea fragrans (Sumatra or Java ironwood)
  • Fagara lentiscifolia (Bastard ironwood)
  • Forestiera pubescens (Ironwood)
  • Forestiera pubescens var. parvifolia (New Mexican ironwood)
  • Genipa americana (Brazilian ironwood)
  • Gordonia haematoxylon (Ironwood)
  • Gossia bidwillii (Smooth-barked ironwood, Scrub ironwood), Gossia acmenoides (Scrub ironwood), Gossia dulcis (Ironwood), Gossia floribunda (Cape ironwood), Gossia myrsinocarpa (Malanada ironwood)
  • Gymnanthes lucida (Narrow-leaf ironwood)
  • (Gymnostoma nodiflorum Syn.: Casuarina nodiflora ) (Knot-flowered ironwood)
  • (Gymnostoma papuanum Syn.: Casuarina papuana) (Papuan ironwood)
  • (Gymnostoma sumatranum Syn.: Casuarina sumatrana) (Ironwood)
  • Handroanthus spp. formerly Tabebuia spp.; Handroanthus heptaphyllus, Handroanthus serratifolius etc., Ipê, Brazilian walnut, Lapacho, Yellow poui (Ironwood)
  • Heritiera trifoliolata Black stavewood, Heritiera actinophylla Stavewood (Ironwood)
  • Holodiscus discolor Oceanspray (Ironwood), western North America[8]
  • Homalium dentatum, Homalium letestui (Brown ironwood), Homalium rufescens (Small-leaved brown ironwood), Homalium abdessammadii (Zambezi brown ironwood)
  • Hopea odorata, Hopea parviflora (Malabar, Ceylon ironwood)
  • Hypelate trifoliata (White ironwood)
  • Ilex mitis (Lance-leaved ironwood, Smooth or Mild, Unarmed ironwood)
  • Inhambanella henriquesii (Rock, Water or Small ironwood)
  • Intsia bijuga, Intsia palembanica (Moluccan, Madagascar ironwood)
  • Ixora ferrea (Ironwood, West Indian ironwood, Martinique ironwood, Red ironwood, Three-flowered ironwood)
  • Jacquinia keyensis (Ironwood)
  • Krugiodendron ferreum (Black ironwood, Caribbean or Guadeloupe ironwood), Caribbean
  • (Libidibia ferrea Syn.: 'Caesalpinia ferrea) (Brazilian ironwood), Brazil[9]
  • Lignum vitae; Guaiacum officinale, Guaiacum sanctum and Argentine, Paraguay Lignum Vitae, Verawood Bulnesia arborea also als Maracaibo Lignum Vitae and Bulnesia sarmientoi (Ironwood)
  • Lophira alata (West African ironwood, (Small) Red ironwood, Dwarf (red) ironwood, Dryzone (red) ironwood), western and central Africa[10]
  • Lophira lanceolata ((Dwarf) Red ironwood)
  • Lyonothamnus floribundus (Catalina or Western ironwood, Island or Santa Cruz (Island) Ironwood, Lyon's Ironwood or Fern-leaved ironwood), in the rose family, Channel Islands of California[11]
  • Manilkara hexandra (Ceylon ironwood)
  • Manilkara kauki (Moluccan ironwood)
  • Mesua ferrea (Sri Lankan or Ceylon and Assam ironwood, East Indian Ironwood), southern and southeastern Asia[12]
  • Metrosideros spp. all Species (Ironwood), Metrosideros umbellata (New Zealand Ironwood), Metrosideros kermadecensis (Real or True ironwood)
  • Millettia grandis (Kafir ironwood)
  • Minquartia guianensis (Ironwood)
  • Mouriri myrtilloides (Small-leaved ironwood)
  • Myoporum obscurum (Bastard ironwood)
  • Myracrodruon urundeuva (Ironwood)
  • Nestegis apetala (Bastard ironwood), New Zealand and Norfolk Island[13]
  • Notelaea ligustrina (Tasmanian ironwood, New-South-Wales ironwood)
  • Notelaea longifolia (Norfolk-Island ironwood)
  • (Noronhia foveolata Syn.: Chionanthus foveolatus) (Pock ironwood, Bastard ironwood or Cape pock ironwood, Bastard, Forest pock ironwood, Ornate-leaf(ved), Fine-leaved ironwood) native to southern Africa[14]
  • Ochna holstii (Red ironwood)
  • Oldfieldia africana (West African ironwood)
  • Olea capensis (Bastard Black, Forest, Bushveld or False, Bastard ironwood, South African ironwood, Small and Olive ironwood, East African ironwood), Africa[15]
  • Olea woodiana (Black ironwood), eastern and southern Africa[16]
  • Olinia ventosa (Sproutful ironwood)
  • Olneya tesota (desert ironwood, Arizona or Sonora ironwood, Mexican ironwood)
  • Ostrya knowltonii Knowlton's or Western hophornbeam (Canyon ironwood, Western Ironwood)
  • Ostrya virginiana Hophornbeam, (North-American, American ironwood, Canadian ironwood, Rough-barked ironwood, Eastern ironwood)
  • Palicourea cardiomorpha subsp. cardiomorpha (Panicled-flowered ironwood)
  • Parrotia persica (Persian ironwood, Transcaucasian ironwood)
  • Parrotia subaequalis (Chinese ironwood)
  • Paubrasilia echinata (Ironwood)
  • Peltophorum rufum (Cochinchina ironwood)
  • Pemphis acidula (Maldivian ironwood)
  • Picrodendron baccatum (Black ironwood)
  • Planchonella costata (Bastard ironwood)
  • Planchonella obovata (Silvery ironwood, Obovate ironwood)
  • Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis glandulosa (Texas ironwood), Prosopis kuntzei, Prosopis africana (Ironwood) Mesquite
  • Prunus africana (Ironwood)
  • Quebracho Schinopsis spp.; Schinopsis brasiliensis, Schinopsis balansae, Schinopsis lorentzii and Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (Ironwood)
  • Rapanea melanophloeos (Laurel-leaved ironwood)
  • Rauvolfia sandwicensis (Hawaiian ironwood)
  • Reynosia septentrionalis, Reynosa latifolia (Red ironwood)
  • Rhodamnia acuminata (Cooloola ironwood)
  • Rhodomyrtus trineura var. canescens (Crater ironwood), Rhodomyrtus pervagata (Rusty ironwood)
  • Rothmannia capensis (Black ironwood, Cape of Good Hope ironwood)
  • Schleichera oleosa (Ironwood)
  • Senegalia intsia (Indian ironwood)
  • Senegalia muricata (Ironwood)
  • Senegalia tenuifolia (Antillean ironwood)
  • Senna siamea (Indonesian or Indian ironwood)
  • Sideroxylon spp. (Ironwood);
    • Sideroxylon inerme (Smooth or White ironwood, Broad-leaved, Unarmed ironwood, Cape or East African ironwood)
    • Sideroxylon lanuginosum or Gum bully (Ironwood)
    • Sideroxylon lycioides (American ironwood, Canada thorny ironwood, Willow-leaved, Boxthorn-leaved ironwood, Ten-threaded, Decandrous ironwood, Bumelia ironwood)
    • Sideroxylon tenax (Silky(-leaved) ironwood, Silvery-leaved ironwood)
    • Sideroxylon celastrinum (Ironwood)
    • Sideroxylon cinereum (White ironwood, Bourbon or Mauritius ironwood)
    • Sideroxylon foetidissimum (Opposite-leaved ironwood)
    • Sideroxylon lanuginosum (Woolly-leaved ironwood)
    • Sideroxylon reclinatum (Reclined ironwood)
  • Sloanea dentata (Black ironwood, Broad-leaf ironwood)
  • Sloanea jamaicensis, Sloanea sinemariensis (Ironwood)
  • Stadmania spp. (Ironwood, Bois de fer, Mauritius ironwood), Stadmania oppositifolia (Bourbon ironwood)
  • Swartzia spp.; Swartzia tomentosa (Cayenne ironwood), Swartzia bannia, Swartzia bidentata, Swartzia leiocalycina, Swartzia ingifolia, Swartzia grandifolia, Swartzia panacoco (Guiana ironwood) etc. (Ironwood, South American ironwood, Suriname ironwood)
  • Terminalia canescens (Ironwood)
  • Tetragastris balsamifera (West Indian ironwood)
  • Thouinia striata (Ironwood, Quebracho)
  • Trichilia hirta (Bastard ironwood)
  • Tristaniopsis laurina (Canungra ironwood)
  • Vachellia farnesiana (Ironwood)
  • Vepris lanceolata (White ironwood), Vepris reflexa (Woodland white ironwood, Bushveld white ironwood, Drooping or Rock white ironwood), Vepris undulata (White ironwood), Vepris carringtoniana (Coastal white ironwood, Wing-leaved white ironwood), Vepris zambesiaca (Rare white ironwood), Vepris termitaria (Riverine white ironwood) native to South Africa
  • Xanthostemon species collectively known as "Philippine ironwood", all endemic to the Philippines[17]
  • Xanthostemon bracteatus (Mapilig)
  • Xanthostemon fruticosus (Sierra Madre mangkono)
  • Xanthostemon philippinensis (Bagoadlau)
  • Xanthostemon verdugonianus (Mangkono)
  • Xanthostemon speciosus (Palawan mangkono)
  • Xanthostemon verus (Asian or Moluccan, Real or True ironwood)
  • Xantolis tomentosa (Armed ironwood, Felty, Woolly, Downy-leaved ironwood)
  • Xylia xylocarpa (Burma ironwood or Myanmar ironwood)
  • Zanthoxylum fagara (Bastard, False ironwood, Yellow ironwood, Jamaica, Brazilian ironwood, Intended-leaved American ironwood)
  • Zanthoxylum piperitum (Crenated-leaved ironwood)
  • Zanthoxylum tragodes (Prickly-leaved American ironwood)
  • Zapoteca tetragona (Antillean ironwood)

Plants named ironwood

See also

  • Ironwood Island (Wisconsin)
  • Ironwood, Michigan
  • Ironwood State Prison
  • Black ironwood (disambiguation)
  • Ironbark, various Eucalyptus spp.
  • Iron tree (disambiguation)
  • Janka hardness test
  • Sideroxylon, from sideros (σιδηρος) meaning "iron", and xylon (ξύλον) meaning "wood"
  • Járnviðr

References

  1. ^ "Acacia estrophiolata F. Muell". FAO. July 9, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-07-09.
  2. ^ Yashe, Asavela; Hankey, Andrew (June 2020). "Androstachys johnsonii Prain". PlantZAfrica.com. SANBI.
  3. ^ "Giant Ironwood - profile". Threatened species. New South Wales Office of Environment & Heritage. 2014-08-05.
  4. ^ Metzger, F. T. (1990). "Carpinus caroliniana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
  5. ^ Boland, D. J.; Brooker, M. I. H.; Chippendale, G. M.; McDonald, M. W. (2006). Forest trees of Australia (5th ed.). Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 0-643-06969-0.
  6. ^ "Cynometra alexandri". Wood Technical Fact Sheets. USDA Forest Service. Archived from the original on 2014-02-19. Retrieved 2017-03-18.
  7. ^ Boland, D.J.; Brooker, M.I.H; Chippendale, G.M.; Hall, N.; et al. (1984). Forest trees of Australia. Melbourne: CSIRO. p. 68.
  8. ^ "Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim". Plants Profile. USDA. 2008.
  9. ^ "Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
  10. ^ "Azobe (Lophira alata)". Wildscreen Arkive. Archived from the original on 2017-03-20. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  11. ^ Erwin, D. M. & Schorn, H. E. (2000). "Revision of Lyonothamnus A.Gray (Rosaceae) from the Neogene of Western North America". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 161 (1): 179–193. doi:10.1086/314232. PMID 10648208. S2CID 9161661.
  12. ^ "Mesua ferrea L. – Clusiaceae". biotik.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  13. ^ "Nestegis apetala". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network.
  14. ^ "Chionanthus foveolatus". Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
  15. ^ "Olea capensis". Ecocrop. FAO. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
  16. ^ "Olea woodiana". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
  17. ^ Department of the Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) (July–December 2021). "The Five Endemic Species of Philippine Ironwoods (Mangkono)". RISE. 33 (2).
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