List of fictional robots and androids

"Maschinenmensch" from the 1927 film Metropolis. Statue in Babelsberg, Germany.

This list of fictional robots and androids is chronological, and categorised by medium. It includes all depictions of robots, androids and gynoids in literature, television, and cinema; however, robots that have appeared in more than one form of media are not necessarily listed in each of those media. This list is intended for all fictional computers which are described as existing in a humanlike or mobile form. It shows how the concept has developed in the human imagination through history.

Robots and androids have frequently been depicted or described in works of fiction. The word "robot" itself comes from a work of fiction, Karel Čapek's play, R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), written in 1920 and first performed in 1921.

Theatre

  • Coppélia, a life-size dancing doll in the ballet of the same name, choreographed by Marius Petipa with music by Léo Delibes (1870)
  • The word robot comes from Karel Čapek's play, R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), written in 1920 in Czech and first performed in 1921. Performed in New York 1922 and an English edition published in 1923. In the play, the word refers to artificially created life forms.[1] Named robots in the play are Marius, Sulla, Radius, Primus, Helena, and Damon. The play introduced and popularized the term "robot". Čapek's robots are biological machines that are assembled, as opposed to grown or born.

Literature

19th century and earlier

  • The woman forged out of gold in Finnish myth The Kalevala (prehistoric folklore)
  • From 600 BC onward, legends of talking bronze and clay statues coming to life have been a regular occurrence in the works of classical authors such as Homer, Plato, Pindar, Tacitus, and Pliny. In Book 18 of the Iliad, Hephaestus the god of all mechanical arts, was assisted by two moving female statues made from gold – "living young damsels, filled with minds and wisdoms". Another legend has Hephaestus being commanded by Zeus to create the first woman, Pandora, out of clay. The myth of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus, tells of a lonely man who sculpted his ideal woman, Galatea, from ivory, and promptly fell in love with her after the goddess Aphrodite brought her to life.
  • The 5th-century BCE Chinese text, the Liezi, contains a description of a humanoid machine which can sing and dance like a human. The automaton is presented to King Mu of Zhou by its inventor, but it offends the king by winking at court ladies and trying to flirt with them, so the inventor disassembles it to show the court that it is a machine. The king sees that it has artificial analogues of human organs, which are made of leather, wood, glue, and paint, and each fulfill necessary functions for its operation.
  • Talos, bronze giant Talos in Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica, 3rd century BC
  • Brazen heads, attributed to numerous scholars involved in the introduction of Arabian science to medieval Europe, particularly Roger Bacon (13th century)
  • Golem – The legend of the Golem, an animated man of clay, is mentioned in the Talmud. (16th century)
  • Talus, "iron man" who mechanically helps Arthegall dispense justice in The Faerie Queene, the epic poem by Edmund Spenser, published in 1590
  • Olimpia, automaton who captivates the hero Nathanael so much he wishes to marry her in E. T. A. Hoffmann's Der Sandmann (1814)
  • Artificial human-like being created by Victor Frankenstein in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818)
  • The Steam Man of the Prairies, Edward S. Ellis' mechanical man powered by steam (1868).
  • Olympia in Act I of Jacques Offenbach's The Tales of Hoffmann, based on the Hoffmann story (1881)
  • A mechanical man run by electricity in Luis Senarens' Frank Reade and his Electric Man (1885)
  • Hadaly, a mechanical woman run by electricity, in Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam's The Future Eve (1886) – the novel credited with popularizing the word "android"
  • "The Brazen Android" by William Douglas O'Connor. First appeared in The Atlantic Monthly, April 1891
  • The Dancing Partner by Jerome K. Jerome of Three Men in a Boat fame (1893)
  • The mecha-like tripods that the Martians use to conquer the Earth in The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells (1897)
  • "The New Frankenstein" by Ernest Edward Kellett (1899), in which an inventor creates an "anti-phonograph" that according to the narrator "can give the appropriate answer to every question I put", and installs in it a robotic female body that "will guide herself, answer questions, talk and eat like a rational being, in fact, perform the part of a society lady." The android proves convincing enough to fool two suitors who wish to marry her.[2]
  • A robot chess-player in Moxon's Master by Ambrose Bierce (first published in the San Francisco Examiner on 16 Aug. 1899)

Early 1900s

1920s

  • R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) (1921), by Karel Čapek – credited with coining the term "robot". In its original Czech, "robota" means forced labour, and is derived from "rab", meaning "slave." R.U.R. depicts the first elaborate depiction of a machine take-over. Čapek's robots can also be seen as the first androids: they are in fact organic.
  • Gaston Leroux's 1923 La Poupée Sanglante (The Bloody Doll) and La Machine à Assassiner (The Murdering Machine). The lead character, Bénédict Masson, is wrongly accused of murder and guillotined. His brain is later attached to an automaton created by scientist Jacques Cotentin, and Masson goes on to track and punish those who caused his death.
  • Le Singe (The Monkey) (1925), by Maurice Renard and Albert Jean, imagined the creation of artificial lifeforms through the process of "radiogenesis", a sort of human electrocopying or cloning process.
  • The Metal Giants (1926), by Edmond Hamilton, in which a computer brain who runs on atomic power creates an army of 300-foot-tall robots.
  • Metropolis (1927), by Thea von Harbou, adapted by Fritz Lang on film, featuring character Maria and her robot double.
  • Automata (1929), by S. Fowler Wright, about machines doing the humans' jobs before wiping them out.

1930s

  • The "Professor Jameson" series by Neil R. Jones (early 1930s) featured human and alien minds preserved in robot bodies. It was reprinted in five Ace paperbacks in the late 1960s: The Planet of the Double Sun, The Sunless World, Space War, Twin Worlds and Doomsday on Ajiat.
  • Zat the Martian robot, protagonist of John Wyndham's short story "The Lost Machine" (1932)
  • Human cyborgs in Revolt of the Pedestrians by David H. Keller (1932)
  • Robot surgeon in "Rex" by Harl Vincent (1934)
  • "Helen O'Loy" from the story of the same title by Lester del Rey (1938)
  • Adam Link of I, Robot by Eando Binder (1938)
  • Robots discover their "roots" in Robots Return by Robert Moore Williams (1938).
  • Robot as murder witness in True Confession by F. Orlin Tremaine (1939)

1940s

  • Gnut in "Farewell to the Master" by Harry Bates (1940), later made into the classic 1951 science fiction film The Day the Earth Stood Still
  • Unnamed "living plastic" robot in "Vault of the Beast" (1940), short story by A. E. van Vogt
  • Jay Score ("J20"), emergency pilot of the Earth-to-Venus freighter Upskadaska City (colloquially called "Upsydaisy") in "Jay Score", a short story by Eric Frank Russell in the May 1941 issue of Astounding Science Fiction (1941)
  • Jenkins in City by Clifford D. Simak (1944)
  • Alojzy Kukuryk in Akademia pana Kleksa by Jan Brzechwa (1946), a mischievous mechanical doll able to pass as a human boy, and the main adversary of the protagonist, Mr Blot.
  • Robots by Isaac Asimov:
    • Robbie, Speedy, Cutie, and others, from the stories in I, Robot (1940–1950) (not to be confused with the Binder short story of the same title)
    • L-76, Z-1, Z-2, Z-3, Emma-2, Brackenridge, Tony, Lenny, Ez-27 and others, from the stories in The Rest of the Robots (1964)
    • R. Daneel Olivaw from The Caves of Steel (1954) and subsequent novels
    • R. Giskard Reventlov from The Robots of Dawn (1983) and subsequent novels
    • Andrew Martin from The Bicentennial Man (1976) (later made into a film) and The Positronic Man (a novel), co-written by Asimov and Robert Silverberg
    • Norby in a series of books for children and adolescents, co-written with Janet Asimov
  • The Humanoids from a novelette (1947) and two novels (1949 and 1980) by Jack Williamson

1950s and 1960s

  • Astro Boy, series by Osamu Tezuka (published in Japan but available in English), an atomic-powered robot of 100,000 horsepower built to resemble a little boy, most specifically Tobio, the deceased son of Dr. Tenma. When not in school, Astro Boy spent his time dealing with robots and aliens. (1952)
  • The Gallegher series of stories by Lewis Padgett (Henry Kuttner and C. L. Moore) collected in Robots Have No Tails (1952)
  • The Mechanical Hound from Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury (1953)
  • Bors, an old government integration robot pivotal to Philip K. Dick's novelette The Last of the Masters (1954)
  • The Fury, a large steel robot that acts as jailer and executioner, in Henry Kuttner's "Two-Handed Engine" (1955)
  • Zane Gort, a robot novelist in the short story "The Silver Eggheads" by Fritz Leiber (1959)
  • SHROUD (Synthetic Human, Radiation OUtput Determined) and SHOCK (Synthetic Human Object, Casualty Kinematics), the sentient test dummies in the novel V. by Thomas Pynchon (1963)
  • Frost, the Beta-Machine, Mordel, and the Ancient Ore Crusher in Roger Zelazny's short story "For a Breath I Tarry" (1966)
  • Trurl and Klapaucius, the robot geniuses of The Cyberiad (Cyberiada, 1967; translated by Michael Kandel 1974) – collection of humorous stories about the exploits of Trurl and Klapaucius, "constructors" among robots
  • The Iron Man in the novel The Iron Man: A Children's Story in Five Nights by Ted Hughes, illustrated by Andrew Davidson (1968), later changed to The Iron Giant to avoid confusion with its predecessor, the comic superhero of the same name
  • Roy Batty, Pris, Rachael and several other Nexus-6 model androids. "Androids, fully organic in nature – the products of genetic engineering – and so human-like that they can only be distinguished by psychological tests; some of them don't even know that they're not human." – Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick (1968)
  • "The Electric Grandmother" in the short story of the same name, from I Sing the Body Electric by Ray Bradbury (1969), based on a 1962 Twilight Zone episode of the same name
  • Mech Eagles from the novel Logan's Run (1967), robotic eagles designed to track and kill people who refuse to die at age 21
  • Richard Daniel, an intensely loyal, old, un-remodeled robot, belonging to one family for generations, in "All the Traps of Earth" by Clifford Simak. When the last of his entire extended family of owners died, after 200 years, he is required by law to be disassembled; humans who made the law are still threatened by robots who are superior to them in functionality. He is sentient enough to take exception to that policy.
  • Jenkins, the robot who served generations of the Webster family for nearly a thousand years, then the dogs modified by one of the Websters, dogs capable of reading and speech, who inherited the earth when humans left it by various methods, through all of the stories contained in the collection "City" by Clifford Simak. Humans entered "the sleep", or had their bodies converted to Jovian lifeforms to live on Jupiter.

1970s

1980s

  • Chip, the robot teenager in the Not Quite Human series (1985–1986) by Seth McEvoy. Disney later made the book into three movies.
  • Roderick (1980) and Tik-Tok (1983) by John Sladek, two extreme examples of robot morality, one perfectly innocent and one perfectly criminal
  • The Boppers, a race of Moon-based robots that achieve independence from humanity, in the series of books The Ware Tetralogy by Rudy Rucker
  • R. Giskard Reventlov from The Robots of Dawn (1983) and subsequent novels by Isaac Asimov
  • Elio, a character from A Tale of Time City (1987) by Diana Wynne Jones
  • Manders in The Type One Super Robot (1987), a children's book by Alison Prince
  • Solo from Robert Mason's novels Weapon (1989) and Solo (1993) (Note, the 1996 film titled Solo is based solely on the first novel, Weapon.)
  • Sheen, a female android mysteriously programmed to guard and love Stile, a serf on the planet Proton, in the sci-fi/fantasy series Apprentice Adept (1980–82) by Piers Anthony.
  • Spofforth, the dean of New York University in Mockingbird by Walter Tevis.

1990s

  • Yod in Marge Piercy's He, She and It (1991)
  • The One Who Waits in Charles Sheffield's Divergence (1991)
  • Caliban in a trilogy by Roger MacBride Allen, set in the robots universe of Isaac Asimov (1993)
  • Solo and Nimrod in Robert Mason's novel Solo (1993)
  • Jay-Dub and Dee Model in Ken MacLeod's The Stone Canal (1996)
  • Dorfl, and other Discworld golems deliberately described in terms reminiscent of an Asimovian robot, in Terry Pratchett's Feet of Clay (1996) and subsequent Discworld novels

2000s

  • Cassandra Kresnov, in a series by Joel Shepherd (2001)
  • Clunk, in a series by Simon Haynes (2004)
  • Moravecs, sentient descendants of probes sent by humans to the Jovian belt, in Dan Simmons' Ilium (2003)
  • Canti, one of the robots built by Medical Mechanica in FLCL (2003)
  • Nimue Alban/Merlin Athrawes, in the Safehold series by David Weber (2007)
  • Otis, the robot dog from Tanith Lee's Indigara (2007)
  • Freya, in Charles Stross' Saturn's Children (2008)
  • HCR-328 and Tom in Automatic Lover and Automatic Lover – Ten Years On by Ariadne Tampion (2008)
  • Boilerplate, a Victorian-era robot in the illustrated coffee-table book Boilerplate: History's Mechanical Marvel, published by Abrams (2009)

2010s

  • Adam, one of the first commercially available androids in Ian McEwan's Machines Like Me (2019)
  • The Calculators, an ancient, ongoing family of androids in Paul Levinson's Robinson Calculator novelette (2019)
  • Murderbot, a newly independent security robot in The Murderbot Diaries series by Martha Wells (2017-)

2020s

  • Automata in The Automation, made by the Greco-Roman god Vulcan.
  • Klara, the “Artificial Friend” narrator of Klara and the Sun (2021)
  • Neotnia, the co-protagonist of Beautiful Shining People (2023)
  • Crimson, a robot butler hunting the main characters and is the main antagonist in The Mystery at Crimson Mansion (2023)

Radio

  • Marvin the Paranoid Android in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy BBC radio series (1978–1980)
  • Tidy, George, Fagor, Surgeon General Kraken and miscellaneous other androids from James Follett's Earthsearch BBC radio series (1980–1981)
  • Fetchers, accident prone and apologetic gopher robots from the BBC radio series Nineteen Ninety-Four (1985)

Music

Film

Pre-1950

Italian film The Mechanical Man (1921), a movie which shows a battle between robots
  • The Mechanical Dummy, played by Ben Turpin in A Clever Dummy, a Sennett silent short dating from 1917 when the term "robot" did not yet exist. The dummy does not operate independently but performs limited movements when wired to a control box.
  • The Automaton, a weaponized robot in The Master Mystery, a 1918 theatrical serial film starring Harry Houdini, featuring a fully realized mechanical man (implemented as a costumed actor)
  • The Mechanical Man, one of two robots from the Italian silent film of the same name, directed by André Deed (1921)
  • The Mechanical Horse, from a now-lost 1922 animated Aesop's Fable
  • Maria/Futura, the Maschinenmensch, a robotic gynoid, played by German actress Brigitte Helm in both her robotic-appearing and human-appearing forms in Metropolis, the silent science fiction film by famed Austrian-German director Fritz Lang (1927)
  • The Mechanical Cow (1927), cartoon companion of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
  • The Iron Man (1930), a robot man delivered to Farmer Al Falfa.
  • Mechanical Racehorse built by Bosko in Ups 'n Downs (1931)
  • Mechanical Man (1932), a robot opponent of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
  • The Robot, constructed from an automobile by Bimbo to win a boxing match, in this 1932 Talkartoon.
  • Bosko's Mechanical Man (1933), a robot constructed by Bosko to perform household chores.
  • Mechanical Farm Hands designed to perform farm chores in the 1933 Scrappy cartoon Technoracket.
  • The Mechanical Man, a robot built by Flip the Frog to perform chores in Techno-Cracked (1933)
  • Mickey's Mechanical Man (1933), a robot boxer invented by Mickey Mouse.
  • The Juggernaut, a 7 foot tall robot programmed to be an assassin in the film serial The Vanishing Shadow (1934)
  • Arbeitsmaschine and Kampfmaschine, working robots and fighting robots in the German movie Der Herr der Welt (1934) by Harry Piel; the mad scientist Professor Wolf (Walter Franck) is eventually killed by his fighting robot
  • Black Beauty, a mechanical racehorse in the 1935 Happy Harmonies short The Old Plantation
  • Muranian Robots in The Phantom Empire (1935), a 12-chapter Mascot Pictures serial combining the Western, musical and fantasy genres.
  • The Tin Man (1935), voiced by Billy Bletcher ("My name is robot!") from the Roach comedy short of the same name featuring Thelma Todd and Patsy Kelly
  • Jim Ripple's Robots in Loss of Sensation (1935), a film centering around a man who invents inexhaustible robots to replace humans working in factories
  • Annihilants, robot soldiers belonging to Ming the Merciless in the Flash Gordon film series (1936)
  • Volkites, robotic henchmen of the Atlantean tyrant Unga Khan in Undersea Kingdom (1936)
  • The Mechanical Cow (1937), invented by Farmer Al Falfa after his dairy cows go on strike
  • The Mechanical Handy Man (1937), a rooster-like robot designed by Oswald the Lucky Rabbit to perform chores
  • Robot Butler and other robots confounding Donald Duck in Modern Inventions (1937)
  • The New 1938 Creamlined Cow, mechanical dairy cow in the 1938 Looney Tunes short "Porky's Poppa"
  • Robot Auto Mechanics in the 1938 Krazy Kat short The Auto Clinic
  • World's Fair Robots in All's Fair at the Fair (1938)
  • Iron Man, an 8 foot tall robot created by Dr. Alex Zorka in The Phantom Creeps (1939)
  • Robot Sweeper and other robots in an "all electric model home" in the Looney Tunes short Dog Gone Modern (1939)
  • Man of Tin (1940), a robotic wrestler invented by Scrappy and a mad scientist
  • Steel "Killer" Robot in director William Witney's early 1940s film serial of 15 episodes Mysterious Doctor Satan (a.k.a. Doctor Satan's Robot) (1940, re-released in full-length 1966)
  • The Mechanical Monsters in the Superman short of the same name (1941)
  • The Monster and the Ape features the "Metalagon Man" a stolen robot (1945)

1950s

  • Gort, the robot in the film The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951) (loosely based on Gnut, the robot protagonist of "Farewell to the Master" by Harry Bates, the original short story upon which the movie is based)
  • Mark 1 in Mother Riley Meets the Vampire (1952)
  • Mechano, the robotic cat programmed to kill or banish mice from houses, from the 1952 episode "Push-Button Kitty" of Tom and Jerry.
  • Ro-Man Extension XJ-2, a gorilla-bodied robot bent on destroying Earth, in the movie Robot Monster (1952)
  • Robot Pest Control purchased by Elmer Fudd to catch Bugs Bunny in Robot Rabbit (1953)
  • The Twonky (1953)
  • Gog and Magog in Gog (1954)
  • Nyah's robot, Chani, in the British film Devil Girl from Mars (1954)
  • Tobor, a robot created to replace astronauts in space in the film Tobor the Great (1954)
  • Venusian robots invading Earth in Target Earth (1954)
  • Robby the Robot in Forbidden Planet (1956) and The Invisible Boy (1957)
  • Kronos (1957)
  • Moguera, a large, mole-like robot in The Mysterians (1957) and several subsequent Japanese films
  • Colossus in The Colossus of New York (1958)
  • The Human Robot in The Robot vs. The Aztec Mummy (1958)

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

  • Mechagodzilla from Godzilla vs. Kong (2021)
  • Sox, a robotic cat from Pixar's Lightyear (2022)[4]
  • M3GAN, an android companion created for the main character of the film M3GAN (2023)[5]
  • ROZZUM unit 7134 ("Roz"), the main character of DreamWorks' The Wild Robot (2024)[6]

Television films and series

1960s and earlier

  • In The Thin Man (1957–1959):
    • Robby (Robby the Robot), a robot accused of murder in the episode "Robot Client" (1958)
  • In The Twilight Zone (1961–1962):
    • The Robot Simon (Robby the Robot) in the episode "Uncle Simon" (1963)
    • Mr. Whipple's robot replacement (Robby the Robot) in the episode "The Brain Center at Whipple's" (1963)
  • Rosie the Maid, Mac and UniBlab in The Jetsons (1962)[7]
  • In Hazel (1961–1966):
    • A robot maid (Robby the Robot) in the episode "Rosie's Contract" (1962)
  • In Doctor Who (Seasons One to Six) (1963–1969) (see also List of Doctor Who robots):
  • Astro Boy in the Japanese animated series (1963–1966)
  • Gigantor (1963–1966), Japanese animated TV series about the giant titular robot.
  • In Lost in Space (1965–1968):
    • Robot B-9 (a.k.a. The Robot), Class M-3 General Utility Non-Theorizing Environmental Control Robot assigned to the space craft Jupiter 2
    • The Robotoid (Robby the Robot) in the episode "War of the Robots" (1966)
    • The robot prison guard (Robby the Robot) in the episode "Condemned of Space" (1967)
  • In The Addams Family (1964–1966):
    • Smiley the Robot (Robby the Robot) in the episode "Lurch's Little Helper" (1966)
  • Mildred the Maid (Robby the Robot) in The Banana Splits Adventure Hour (1968–1970)
  • Slim John, rebel robot in the BBC series (1969)

1970s

  • In Doctor Who (Seasons 7 to 17) (1970–1980):
    • K9, the Doctor's robot dog companion with encyclopaedic knowledge and vast computer intelligence, created by Professor Marius and introduced in the serial The Invisible Enemy (1977)
  • Numerous android characters in the Japanese superhero series Kikaider (1972), including the title character
  • In Columbo (1971–1993):
  • In Ark II (1976):
  • Haro in Mobile Suit Gundam (1979)
  • P.O.P.S. (Robot B-9 modified) in Mystery Island (1977–78)
  • In Battlestar Galactica (1978–1979):
    • The Cylons, mechanical men created by a race of reptile-like creatures
    • Lucifer, an IL series Cylon, the robot assistant to Count Baltar introduced in "Saga of a Star World – Part III" (1978)
  • In Mork & Mindy (1978–1982):

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

Comics

Comic books/graphic novels

American

British

Other European

  • Otomox, the self-proclaimed "Robot Master" by André Mavimus (writer) and Roger Roux (artist) (1943)[39]
  • RanXerox, a mechanical creature made from Xerox photocopier parts, by Italian artists Stefano Tamburini and Tanino Liberatore; first appeared in 1978, in Italian, in the magazine Cannibale

South American

Manga (Japanese comics)

Comic strips

  • Robotman (1985) in the comic strip of the same name, which eventually became "Monty". Robotman left the strip and found happiness with his girlfriend Robota on another planet.

Web comics

Web-based media

  • Stella 4D, a.k.a. Manager 45, on GO Moonbase;[41] first appears in episode 26

Animated shorts/series

Machinima

  • Lopez, Church and Tex, characters from the Rooster Teeth machinima Red vs. Blue. Only Lopez is a true artificial life-form, as both Church and Tex existed only as ghosts. Both characters were blown up during the course of the series, existing from that point onward in robot bodies other than their originals. They possess mechanical bodies similar to Lopez in design.

Podcasts

  • Little Button Puss, character from Episode #310 of the Comedy Bang! Bang! podcast, played by John Gemberling. Little Button Puss, a.k.a. HPDP69-B, is a promotional robot built by Hewlett-Packard and is the first ever robot created with a fully sentient artificial intelligence, personality, and speaking function. It was designed by HP engineers for the express purpose of sexually pleasing humans. Comedy Bang! Bang! host Scott Aukerman was sent Little Button Puss as part of a promotional advertising campaign for the line of sex-robots. Little Button Puss looks like a metal dog, and has small flesh patches where its genitals are. Elsewhere, it's described as having the appearance of "nickel blue, gun metal". It is verified in the episode that Scott Aukerman lustily removed Little Button Puss' retractable genitals, threw them in a trash can, and then proceeded to use the HPDP69-B for its intended purpose. Afterwards, according to Comedy Bang! Bang! official canon, Aukerman looked back on the incident with shame. A complaint about the HPDP69-B is that for a sex-robot, "it looks too much like a metal dog". In a brief look into its past, Little Button Puss recounts an old romantic relationship with its long lost love, United Flight 93, who "died in the September 11th attacks".[46]
  • The Co-Host 3000 (later Sidekick 3000), character from the Spill and Double Toasted podcasts, voiced by Tony Guerrero.

Computer and video games

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Long, Tony (25 January 2011). "Jan. 25, 1921: Robots First Czech In". Wired.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  2. ^ Hitchcock, Susan Tyler (2007). Frankenstein: A Cultural History. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-393-06144-4.
  3. ^ "SFE: King and the Mockingbird, The". sf-encyclopedia.com.
  4. ^ Whitten, Sarah (29 April 2022). "Meet Sox, the breakout star of Disney's 'Lightyear' — and the next hot toy". CNBC. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  5. ^ Rooney, David (4 January 2023). "'M3GAN' Review: Allison Williams Tangles With a Rogue Robot in Fun AI Horror That's Equal Parts Campy and Creepy". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  6. ^ Reul, Katie (5 March 2024). "The Wild Robot, Animated Film Starring Lupita Nyong'o and Pedro Pascal, Gets Gorgeous First Trailer". IGN. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  7. ^ "The Jetsons". Tulsa World. 19 May 1989. p. 42. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ Hinduja, Soniya (21 December 2024). "All 7 'Sonic the Hedgehog' TV Series, Ranked". MovieWeb. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  9. ^ Spry, Jeff (5 June 2020). "GIR rescues mutant lab animals in first look at new 'Invader Zim' comic from Oni Press". SYFY. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  10. ^ Dvorsky, George (2 May 2012). "Why Invader Zim's GIR should be your favorite robot sidekick". Gizmodo. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  11. ^ Agard, Chancellor (12 August 2022). "From 'Batman' to 'Zeta Project': A Guide to the DC Animated Universe". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  12. ^ a b Baron, Reuben; Khan, Fawzia; Subero, Olivia; Colwander, Michael; Iacobucci, Jordan; Waldstein, Howard; Locke, Alexandra; Devoe, Jeremy; Ashford, Sage (22 July 2018). "45 Awesome Cartoons Only 2000s Kids Will Remember". CBR. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  13. ^ Meenan, Devin (30 September 2024). "The 5 Best Episodes Of 2004's The Batman TV Series, Ranked". SlashFilm. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  14. ^ Wilson, John (25 December 2019). "The 10 Most Powerful Robots and Androids in DC Comics". CBR. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  15. ^ Schedeen, Jesse; Yehl, Joshua (30 September 2014). "Every Character Who Has Lifted Thor's Hammer". IGN. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  16. ^ Diaz, Eric (19 December 2024). "Brainiac, Superman's Second Most Important Villain, Explained". Nerdist. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  17. ^ Motes, Jax (6 November 2017). "The Legion Of Super Heroes Expands As 'Supergirl' Adds Jesse Rath As Brainiac 5". ScienceFiction.com. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  18. ^ Stanford, Jerry (6 December 2022). "10 Most Costly Mistakes In DC Comics". CBR. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  19. ^ Webber, Tim (3 November 2023). "Mutantkind's History with Latveria, Explained". Marvel.com. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  20. ^ Greenberger, Robert (2008), "G. I. Robot", in Dougall, Alastair (ed.), The DC Comics Encyclopedia, New York: Dorling Kindersley, p. 134, ISBN 978-0-7566-4119-1, OCLC 213309017
  21. ^ Mallory, Michael (20 July 2011). "Daredevil Has a What?". Animation Magazine. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
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