List of religions and spiritual traditions

Further information: Major religious groups, Religious denomination, and History of religion
Religious symbols in clock-wise form from top: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Baháʼí Faith, Hinduism, Taoism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Slavic neopaganism, Celtic polytheism, Heathenism (Germanic paganism), Semitic neopaganism, Wicca, Kemetism (Egyptian paganism), Hellenism (Greek paganism), Italo-Roman neopaganism.

While the word religion is difficult to define and understand, one standard model of religion that is used in religious studies courses defines it as

[a] system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic.[1]

Many religions have their own narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws, or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions, churches, denominations, religious bodies, faith groups, tribes, cultures, movements, or ultimate concerns.[2]

The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with the words "faith" or "belief system", but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviours, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural) or religious texts. Certain religions also have a sacred language often used in liturgical services. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a God or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, rituals, liturgies, ceremonies, worship, initiations, funerals, marriages, meditation, invocation, mediumship, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture. Religious beliefs have also been used to explain parapsychological phenomena such as out-of-body experiences, near-death experiences, and reincarnation, along with many other paranormal and supernatural experiences.[3][4]

Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; Indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.[5] One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,[6] and thus believes that religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.

Eastern religions

Main article: Eastern religions

Eastern religions are the religions which originated in East, South and Southeast Asia encompassing a diverse range of eastern and spiritual traditions.[7]

East Asian religions

Main article: East Asian religions
See also: Three teachings and Chinese theology

World religions that originated in East Asia, also known as Taoic religions; namely Taoism and Confucianism and religions and traditions descended from them.

Chinese philosophy schools

Main article: Hundred Schools of Thought

Confucianism

Main article: Confucianism

Taoism

Main article: Taoism
See also: Taoist schools and Taoist philosophy

Syncretic Taoism

Indian religions

Main article: Indian religions

The four world religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent, also known as Dharmic religions; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism and religions and traditions descended from them.

Buddhism

Main article: Buddhism
See also: Schools of Buddhism

Dharmic philosophy schools

Main article: Hindu philosophy

Hinduism

Main article: Hinduism
Further information: Hindu denominations and Bhakti movement

Syncretic Hinduism

Jainism

Main article: Jainism
See also: Jain schools and branches

Sikhism

Main article: Sikhism
Further information: Sects of Sikhism

Sects such as the Nirankari, Ramraiya and Namdhari are not accepted within the Sikh Rehat Maryada (Sikh Code of Conduct) as they believe in a current human guru.

Yoga

Main article: Yoga

Abrahamic religions

Main article: Abrahamic religions
See also: Western religions, Classical Theism, and Monotheism

Christianity

Main article: Christianity
See also: List of Christian denominations
Early Christianity
Main article: Early christianity
See also: Diversity in early Christian theology
Eastern Christianity
Main article: Eastern Christianity
Western Christianity
Main article: Western Christianity
See also: Chalcedonian Christianity

Syncretic

Other

Islam

Main article: Islam
See also: Islamic schools and branches, Ilm al-Kalam, Ahl al-Hadith, and Islamism
Khawarij
Main article: Khawarij
Shia Islam
Main article: Shia Islam
See also: List of extinct Shia sects
Sufism
Main articles: Sufism and Islamic Mysticism
See also: List of Sufi orders
Sunni Islam
Main article: Sunni Islam

Syncretic

Other

Judaism

Main articles: Judaism and Jewish religious movements
See also: Jewish schisms

Historical Judaism

Kabbalah
Main articles: Kabbalah and Jewish mysticism

Non-Rabbinic Judaism

Rabbinic Judaism
Main article: Rabbinic Judaism

Other Abrahamic

Iranian religions

Main articles: Iranian religions and Religion in Iran

Manichaeism

Main article: Manichaeism

Yazdânism

Main article: Yazdânism

Zoroastrianism

Main article: Zoroastrianism
  • Behafaridians (Historical)
  • Gayomarthians
  • Ilm-e-Khshnoom
  • Khurramites (Historical)
  • Mazdakism (Historical)
  • Sepasian (Historical)
    • Azarkeivanian
  • Ustadh Sis (Historical)
  • Zurvanism
    • Blagovery

Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions

Main articles: Ethnic religion and Folk religion
See also: List of ethnic religions, Natural religion, Earth religion, Fetishism, and Paganism

Religions that consist of the traditional customs and beliefs of particular ethnic groups, refined and expanded upon for thousands of years, and often lacking formal doctrine. Some adherents do not consider their ways "religion", preferring other cultural terms. Many indigenous religions incorporate forms of animism, totemism, and shamanism alongside nature, ancestor, and animal worship.

African

Main article: Religion in Africa

Traditional African

Main article: Traditional African religions

Diasporic African

Main article: Afro-American religion

Altaic

Main article: Shamanism in Siberia

American

Main article: Native American religions
See also: Indigenous American philosophy

Austroasiatic

Austronesian

Caucasian

Dravidian

Main article: Dravidian folk religion
See also: Religion in ancient Tamilakam and Tribal religions in India

Indo-European

Koreanic and Japonic

See also: Shinto sects and schools

Melanesian and Aboriginal

Negrito

Paleosiberian

Main article: Shamanism in Siberia

Sino-Tibetan

Tai and Miao

Uralic

Other

  • Beduin shamanism
  • Burusho shamanism

New religious movements

Main article: New religious movement
See also: List of new religious movements

Religions that cannot be classed as either world religions or traditional folk religions, and are usually recent in their inception. Non-cargo cults are generally excluded from this list, see list of cults for groups considered cults.[12]

Cargo cults

Main article: Cargo cults

Entheogenic religions

Main article: Entheogen

Modern paganism

Main articles: Modern paganism, Polytheism, and Paganism
See also: List of Neopagan movements and Neopagan witchcraft

Ethnic neopaganism

Main article: Polytheistic reconstructionism
See also: Euhemerism

Syncretic neopaganism

Goddess religions

Main article: Goddess movement
See also: Matriarchal religion, Feminist theology, and Thealogy

New Age Movement

Main article: New Age

New ethnic religions

Main article: Ethnic religion

Black

Black Hebrew Israelites
Main article: Black Hebrew Israelites
Rastafari
Main article: Rastafari
  • Bobo Ashanti
  • Nyabinghi
  • Twelve Tribes of Israel

Native American

White

See also: White supremacy and Religious aspects of Nazism

New Thought

Main article: New Thought

Nonsectarian Theism

Main articles: Deism and Theism

Nontheism and Atheism

Main articles: Nontheism, Nontheistic religion, and Atheism

Parody religions and fiction-based religions

Main article: Parody religion

UFO religions

Main article: UFO religions

Western esotericism

Main article: Western esotericism
See also: Ceremonial magic and Left-hand path and right-hand path

World religion-derived new religions

Abrahamic-derived

Chinese salvationist religions

Main article: Chinese salvationist religions
  • Baguadao ("Way of the Eight Trigrams")
  • Dejiao ("Teaching of Virtue")
  • Huangjidao ("Way of the Imperial Pole")
  • Huangtiandao ("Way of the Yellow Sky")
  • Huazhaidao ("Way of Flowers and Fasting")
  • Jiugongdao ("Way of the Nine Palaces")
  • Luandao ("Phoenix Way")
  • Luoism ("Way of Luo")
    • Chinese religions of fasting
      • Xiantiandao ("Way of Former Heaven")
        • Guiyidao ("Way of the Return to the One")
        • Shengdao ("Holy Way")
        • Yaochidao ("Way of the Mother of Pearl Lake")
        • Yiguandao ("Persistent Way")
          • Haizidao
        • Yixin Tiandao ("Heart-bound Heavenly Way")
    • Dacheng
    • Hongyangism
  • Maitreyanism
  • Sanban Puren Pai
  • Sanyiism
  • Shanrendao ("Way of the Virtuous Man")
  • Taigu school
  • Tiandihui
  • Tiandiism
  • Tianguangdao ("Way of the Heavenly Light")
  • Tianxian Miaodao ("Way of the Temple of the Heavenly Immortals")
  • Weixinism
  • White Lotus
  • Xuanyuandao ("Way of Xuanyuan")
  • Yellow Sand Society
  • Zailiism ("Way of the Abiding Principle)
  • Zhongyongdao ("Way of the Golden Mean")

Hindu reform movements

Main article: Hindu denominations § Newer movements
See also: Neo-Vedanta and Hindu reform movements

Muist-derived

Neo-Buddhism

Main article: Buddhist modernism

Perennial and interfaith

Main article: Perennial philosophy

Shinshukyo

Main article: Japanese new religions

Sikh-derived

Historical religions

Main article: History of religion
See also: Star worship

Prehistoric religion

Main article: Prehistoric religion

Bronze Age

See also: Religions of the ancient Near East and Ancient Near Eastern cosmology

Classical antiquity

See also: Imperial Cult

Post-classical period

Other categorisations

By demographics

Main article: Religious demographics

By area

Further information: Religion and geography

See also

References

  1. ^ (Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, 1973)
  2. ^ "World Religions Religion Statistics Geography Church Statistics". Archived from the original on April 22, 1999. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  3. ^ "About - the Parapsychological Association".
  4. ^ "Key Facts about Near-Death Experiences". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  5. ^ Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Page 06.
  6. ^ Vergote, Antoine, Religion, belief and unbelief: a psychological study, Leuven University Press, 1997, p. 89
  7. ^ Coogan, Michael David; Narayanan, Vasudha (2005). Eastern Religions: Origins, Beliefs, Practices, Holy Texts, Sacred Places. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195221907.
  8. ^ Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli. Vol. 1-2. Indian Philosophy (1923) Vol. 1, 738 p. (1927) Vol. 2, 807 p. Oxford University Press.
  9. ^ a b c Tattwananda, Swami (1984). Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship (1st rev. ed.). Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd.
  10. ^ Dandekar, R. N. (1987). "Vaiṣṇavism: An Overview". In Eliade, Mircea (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 14. New York: MacMillan.
  11. ^ "Welcome to Jainworld – Jain Sects – tirthankaras, jina, sadhus, sadhvis, 24 tirthankaras, digambara sect, svetambar sect, Shraman Dharma, Nirgranth Dharma". Jainworld.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
  12. ^ Clarke 2006.
  13. ^ Engle, John (2014). "Cults of Lovecraft: The Impact of H.P. Lovecraft's Fiction on Contemporary Occult Practices". Mythlore. 1 (125): 85–98. JSTOR 26815942.
  14. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1001.
  15. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1004.
  16. ^ Melton 2003, p. 997.
  17. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1112.
  18. ^ Clarke 2006, pp. 507–509, Radhasoami movements.
  19. ^ Kepping, K. (2003). The black-headed and the red-faced in Tangut indigenous texts. Studia Orientalia Electronica, 95, 275-298. https://journal.fi/store/article/view/41668/10752

Sources

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