1750s

Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunamiKite experimentBattle of Quiberon BayFrench and Indian WarWilliam CullenHalley's Comet
From top left, clockwise: The Treaty of Madrid amends the pre-existing Treaty of Tordesillas (1494). Signed in 1750, this Spanish-Portuguese agreement, enabled Portugal to claim more holdings in what is now Brazil; Dzungar Khanate is captured by Qing forces in 1755, ultimately transferring Xinjiang into the hands of Han Chinese power – a legacy that continues to this day in modern-day China; A destructive earthquake and tsunami ravages the city of Lisbon in 1755, strongly influencing the studies of engineering, as well as philosophical thoughts on the Western Age of Enlightenment; Britain's victory during the Battle of Quiberon Bay signalled the rise of the British Navy's power, as it heightens its ranks of becoming the world's foremost naval power, and a dominant global entity for the next two centuries; Halley's Comet appears accurately from scientific projections for the first time in 1759; Artificial refrigeration is invented and first used in 1758 under the studies of Scottish physician and chemist William Cullen; The precipitation of the French and Indian War in 1754 proved to become one of North America's first major interstate conflicts, and one of the largest to significantly involve Native American tribes such as the Iroquois, the Cherokee, and the Mi'kmaqs; Benjamin Franklin conducts his now-iconic kite experiment in 1752, leading him to the discovery of electricity and the invention of lightning rods.

The 1750s (pronounced "seventeen-fifties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1750, and ended on December 31, 1759. The 1750s was a pioneering decade. Waves of settlers flooded the New World (specifically the Americas) in hopes of re-establishing life away from European control, and electricity was a field of novelty that had yet to be merged with the studies of chemistry and engineering. Numerous discoveries of the 1750s forged the basis for contemporary scientific consensus. The decade saw the end of the Baroque period.

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Events

1750

January–March

  • January 13 – The Treaty of Madrid between Spain and Portugal authorizes a larger Brazil than had the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, which originally established the boundaries of the Portuguese and Spanish territories in South America.
  • January 24 – A fire in Istanbul destroys 10,000 homes.[1]
  • February 15 – After Spain and Portugal agree that the Uruguay River will be the boundary line between the two kingdoms' territory in South America, the Spanish Governor orders the Jesuits to vacate seven Indian missions along the river (San Angel, San Nicolas, San Luis, San Lorenzo, San Miguel, San Juan and San Borja).[2]
  • March 5 – The Murray-Kean Company, a troupe of actors from Philadelphia, gives the first performance of a play announced in advance in a newspaper, presenting Richard III at New York City's Nassau Street Theatre.[3]
  • March 20 – The first number of Samuel Johnson's The Rambler appears.

April–June

  • April 7 – Maveeran Alagumuthu Kone, a polygar in Tamil Nadu, raises slogans and launches a rebellion against Company rule in India due to his opposition to the East India Company's tax collection policies.
  • April 13 – Dr. Thomas Walker and five other men (Ambrose Powell, Colby Chew, William Tomlinson, Henry Lawless and John Hughes) cross through the Cumberland Gap, a mountain pass through the Appalachian Mountains, to become the first white people to venture into territories that had been inhabited exclusively by various Native American tribes.[4] On April 17, Walker's party continues through what is now Kentucky and locates the Cumberland River, which Walker names in honor of Prince William, Duke of Cumberland.
  • April 14
    • A group of enslaved West African, bound for the Americas, successfully overpowers the crew of the British slaver ship Snow Ann, imprisons the survivors, and then navigates the vessel back to Cape Lopez in Gabon.[5] Upon regaining their freedom, the rebels leave the survivors on the Gabonese coast.
    • The Viceroy of New Spain, Juan Francisco de Güemes, issues a notice to the missionaries in Nuevo Santander (which includes parts of what are now the U.S. state of Texas, including San Antonio, and the Mexican state of Tamaulipas) to work peacefully to convert the indigenous Karankawa people to Roman Catholicism.[6]
  • April 25 – The Acadian settlement in Beaubassin, Nova Scotia, is burnt by the French army, and the population is forcibly relocated, after France and Great Britain agree that the Missaguash River should be the new boundary between peninsular British Nova Scotia and the mainland remnant of French Acadia (now New Brunswick).[7]
  • May 16 – Two weeks after police in Paris arrest six teenagers for gambling in the suburb of Saint-Laurent, rioting breaks out when a rumor spreads that plainclothes policemen are hauling off small children between the ages of five and ten years old, in order to provide blood to an ailing aristocrat.[8] Over the next two weeks, rioting breaks out in other sections of Paris. Police are attacked, including one who is beaten to death by the mob, until order is restored and police reforms are announced.[9]
  • June 19 – At a time when mountain climbing is still relatively uncommon, Eggert Ólafsson and Bjarni Pálsson scale their first peak, the 4,892 foot (1,491 m) high Icelandic volcano, Hekla.[10]
  • June 24 – Parliament passes Britain's Iron Act, designed to restrict American manufactured goods by prohibiting additional ironworking businesses from producing finished goods. At the same time, import taxes on raw iron from America are lifted in order to give British manufacturers additional material for production.[11] By 1775, the North American colonies have surpassed England and Wales in iron production and have become the world's third largest producer of iron.
  • June 29 – An attempt in Lima to begin a native uprising against Spanish colonial authorities in the Viceroyalty of Peru is discovered and thwarted.[12] One of the conspirators, Francisco Garcia Jimenez, escapes to Huarochirí and kills dozens of Spaniards on July 25.

July–September

  • July 9 – Traveller Jonas Hanway leaves St. Petersburg to return home, via Germany and the Netherlands. Later the same year, Hanway reputedly becomes the first Englishman to use an umbrella (a French fashion).
  • July 11 – Halifax, Nova Scotia is almost completely destroyed by fire.[13]
  • July 31 – José I takes over the throne of Portugal from his deceased father, João V. King José Manuel appoints the Marquis of Pombal as his Chief Minister, who then strips the Inquisition of its power.
  • August 8 – In advance of the Province of Georgia changing in status from a corporate-owned American settlement to a British colony, Royal Assent is given to an act that lifts the province's ban on slavery; effective January 1, "it shall and may be lawful to import or bring Black Slaves or Negroes in to the Province of Georgia of America and to keep and to use the same therein".[14]
  • August 20 – French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille, by way of the Foreign Minister, the Marquis de Puisieulx and Netherlands ambassador to Paris Mattheus Lestevenon, sends a letter that ultimately persuades the States-General of the Dutch Republic to allow and partially finance Lacaille's stellar trigonometry mission to the Cape of Good Hope. The expedition departs Lorient on October 21.[15][16]
  • September 30 – Crispus Attucks, an enslaved African-American who will later become the first person killed in the Boston Massacre of 1770, escapes from the Framingham, Massachusetts estate of slaveowner William Brown.[17][18] In an unsuccessful attempt to recapture the fugitive, Brown runs an advertisement on October 2 in the Boston Gazette, but Attucks eludes recapture.

October–December

Date unknown

1751

January–March

  • January 1 – As the Province of Georgia undergoes the transition from a trustee-operated territory to a Crown colony, the prohibition against slavery is lifted by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America. At the time, the Black population of Georgia is approximately 400 people, who had been kept in slavery in violation of the law.[26] By 1790, the enslaved population of Georgia increases to over 29,000 and to 462,000 by 1860.[27]
  • January 7 – The University of Pennsylvania, conceived 12 years earlier by Benjamin Franklin and its other trustees to provide non-denominational higher education "to train young people for leadership in business, government and public service".[28] rather than for the ministry, holds its first classes as "The Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania" in Philadelphia.[29]
  • January 13 – For the first time, the American colony in Georgia has an elected legislature after having been administered by a corporate Board of Trustees since its founding in 1732. The original Georgia Assembly meets in Savannah with 16 representatives as the colony prepares to become a British colonial province.[30] After electing Francis Harris as the Speaker of the unicameral Assembly, the delegates successfully ask the Trustees not to surrender control of Georgia to the neighboring Province of South Carolina.[31]
  • January 18 – In the aftermath of the Lhasa riot of 1750, Chinese General Ban Di arrives at the capital of Tibet on behalf of the Qianlong Emperor and the seven imprisoned leaders of the rebellion are turned over to his custody by the 7th Dalai Lama, Keizang Gyatzo. General Ban Di guides the interrogation under torture of rebel leader Lobsang Trashi and, after five days orders the beheading and dismemberment of the seven rebels.[32]
  • February 14 – At Lakkireddipalle in southeastern India, the new Nizam of Hyderabad, Subhadar Muzaffar Jang, leads an invasion of cavalry against the small kingdom of Kurnool and is confronted by its monarch, the Nawab Bahadur Khan. The Subhadar and the Nawab order their soldiers to stand down and then engage in hand-to-hand combat, during which the Nawab "thrust[s] a spear into the Subhadar's brain" before he is "himself hacked to pieces."[33]
  • February 16 – English poet Thomas Gray first publishes Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, anonymously in The Magazine of Magazines. The poem becomes more popularly known as "Gray's Elegy".[34]
  • February 18 – As the Governor of French Louisiana, Pierre de Rigaud, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, issues the first police regulations for New Orleans in an attempt to combat crime in that city.[35]
  • March 25 – For the last time, New Year's Day is legally on March 25, in England and Wales and "in all his Majesty's Dominions in Europe, Asia, Africa and America"[36] due to the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750. The months of January 1751, February 1751 and most of March 1751 did not exist in British territories: those months were recorded as the last three of 1750 according to the Old Style dating system; the equivalent months a year later were recorded as the first three of 1752 under the New Style system.
  • March 31 – Frederick, Prince of Wales, heir-apparent to the British throne, dies of a pulmonary embolism at the age of 44 after a game of cricket. His 12-year-old son, Prince George, becomes the heir-apparent and will later become King George III. [37] Frederick's widow Augusta of Saxe-Gotha becomes Dowager Princess of Wales.

April–June

July–September

October–December

  • October 22 – William V, Prince of Orange, the three-year-old son of the late William IV, becomes the last Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic. During his minority, his mother, Princess Anne, acts as regent until her death in 1759. Upon becoming of age in 1766, he will have a corrupt reign as the Republic's head of state until the office is abolished on February 23, 1785.
  • October 27 – The Hōreki period begins in Japan.
  • November 14 – The 50-day long siege of the British fort of Trichinopoly (now Tiruchirappalli) in southern India is broken when the defenders use musket fire to force a stampede of the elephants of the French-backed troops of Chanda Sahib.[47]
  • November 17
    • Future United States President George Washington becomes seriously ill with smallpox while he and his older brother Lawrence are visiting the island of Barbados during an epidemic [48] Washington, 19 years old, survives the virus but is bedridden for almost a month.
    • The Pima Revolt begins in the area that now includes the Mexican state of Sonora and the U.S. state of Arizona, as Pima Indian leader Luis Oacpicagigua carries out the massacre of 18 Spanish settlers at Oacpicagigua's home in Sáric. The rebellion, which takes the lives of more than 100 Spaniards, is ended on March 18 after Governor Diego Ortiz Parilla permits the rebels to surrender for imprisonment.[49]
  • November 26 – Adolf Frederick is formally crowned as the King of Sweden. The coronation ceremony takes place almost eight months after he assumed the throne.
  • November 29 – The Cherokee nation signs a treaty with British colonial authorities at the close of the two-week Charlestown Conference in Charleston, South Carolina, with Governor James Glen signing an agreement with Cherokee war chiefs led by the "Old Skiagunsta" of Keowee, the Raven of Hiwasee, Old Caesar of Chatuga and Kittagusta of Joree.[50]
  • December 3 – Battle of Arnee in India (Second Carnatic War): A British East India Company–led force under Robert Clive defeats and routs a much larger Franco-Indian army, under the command of Raza Sahib, at Arni.
  • December 14 – The Theresian Military Academy is founded in Wiener Neustadt, Austria.

Date unknown

1752

January–March

April–June

  • April 6 – Spanish Governor Tomás Vélez Cachupín of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, a province that now comprises most of the American state of New Mexico, begins the first peace negotiations with the indigenous Comanche tribe after inviting tribal representatives to his home in Taos.[57] As a sign of good faith, he unconditionally releases the four Comanche prisoners of war held at Taos. One of the released Comanches reports to his father, Chief Guanacante, about the hospitality extended to him during his imprisonment, and more meetings take place in July and in the autumn.
  • April 12
  • April 13 – The oldest property insurance company in the United States, "Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses from Loss by Fire", holds its organizational meeting at the courthouse in Philadelphia to elect a board of directors, largely through the efforts of Benjamin Franklin. Franklin's newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette, has been advertising the meeting since February 18, with a notice that "All persons inclined to subscribe to the articles of insurance of houses from fire, in or near this city, are desired to appear at the Court-house, where attendance will be given, to take in their subscriptions, every seventh day of the week, in the afternoon, until the 13th of April next, being the day appointed by the said articles for electing twelve directors and a treasurer." [60][61] The property insurance company is still in existence more than 250 years later.
  • April 22 – Adam Smith, appointed the year before as a professor of logic, is unanimously elected by the faculty of the University of Glasgow to be the new Professor of Moral Philosophy "on the express condition that he would content himself with the emoluments of the Logic Professorship until 10 October",[62] in that the 1751-1752 salary budgeted for the job has already been distributed to faculty members who had substituted for the previous moral philosophy professor, Thomas Craigie; from April to October, Smith's remuneration for teaching moral philosophy is limited to fees paid directly to him by his students (a half guinea per semester for the public class, and a guinea per semester for the private class). Smith's lectures on ethics are first published in 1759 in his work The Theory of Moral Sentiments.
  • May 10 – At Marly-la-Ville in France, physicist Thomas-François Dalibard successfully conducts the kite experiment proposed by Benjamin Franklin in the 1750 book Franklin's Experiments and Observations on Electricity.[63]
  • June – Benjamin Franklin reportedly carries out his famous kite experiment, duplicating experiments that show that lightning and electricity are the same. According to Franklin, lightning strikes the kite that he is flying during a thunderstorm and produces sparks identical to what he has previously generated artificially in a Leyden jar. However, the report of his experiment is not made until October 19, in Franklin's newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette, leading 20th century researchers to doubt that he conducted the experiment, if at all, until sometime after September 28, when he had written in the Gazette about other such experiments, and that he was making a claim that he had conceived the experiment independently.[63]
  • June 3 – A fire destroys 13,000 houses in Moscow in the Russian Empire, only 11 days after a May 23 fire destroyed 5,000 homes; by June 6, two-thirds of the city has been damaged or destroyed.[64]
  • June 13 – The Treaty of Logstown is signed by representatives of the Iroquois Confederation, Lenape and Shawnee leaders, and commissioners from Virginia, headed by Joshua Fry. Christopher Gist and William Trent represent the Ohio Company. The treaty grants control over lands south and east of the Ohio River to the English, along with permission to build a fort on the site of what is now Pittsburgh.[65]
  • June 21 – Pickawillany (now Piqua, Ohio), the capital of the Miami Indian nation, is attacked and burned by Odawa, Ojibwe and French soldiers under the command of Odawa War Chief Charles Michel de Langlade.[66]

July–September

  • July 1 – In Istanbul, Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha is dismissed from his position as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire by the Ottoman Sultan, Mahmud I. The Sultan appoints Çorlulu Ali Pasha as the new Grand Vizier.
  • July 30 – The first of the Kronstadt canals, conceived by Peter the Great and designed to link two of the harbors of the Russian city, is completed and opened to maritime traffic.[67]
  • August 3 – Edward Cornwallis, the British Governor of Nova Scotia, is recalled to Britain after being unsuccessful in pressuring Nova Scotia's Acadian population to take an oath of allegiance to the Crown or to face expulsion. His replacement, Peregrine Hopson, is more lenient with the Acadians but is reassigned less than two years later.[68]
  • August 21 – A group of Scottish Presbyterians who had fled to America from Scotland held the first Covenanter communion in the 13 American colonies, meeting in New Kingstown, Pennsylvania.[69]
  • August 25 – The first group of the United Brethren church, commonly called the Moravians, leaves Bethlehem, Pennsylvania on a mission to find 100,000 acres (40,000 ha) of land on which to build "Villages of the Lord" for German emigres to settle upon in America; after a 450-mile (720 km) journey, they arrive in Edenton, North Carolina on September 10 and eventually purchase the Wachovia Tract, a set of lands in the western North Carolina colony.[70]
  • September 2 of Julian calendar (Wednesday) (September 13 "New Style") – Great Britain and the British Empire use the Julian calendar for the last time and adopt the Gregorian calendar, making the next day Thursday, September 14 in the English-speaking world. A newspaper at the time notes the next day that "Altho' we have more than once, for the Information of our Readers, publish'd some Accounts of the Alteration of the Style, which took Place this Day, agreeable to a late Act of Parliament, in all his Majesty's Dominions in Europe, Asia, Africa and America" and notes that "The Supputation of the Year began on the first Day of January last, and for the future the first Day of that Month will be stiled the first Day of every Year in all Accounts whatsoever, which Supputation or Reckoning never took Place before this Year in any Courts of Law until the 25th Day of March", and adds, "This Day, had not this Act passed, would have been the 3rd of September, but is now reckoned the 14th, eleven nominal Days being omitted." [71]

October–December

  • October 19 — In his Philadelphia newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazette, Benjamin Franklin first describes the performance, in Philadelphia of the kite experiment that he had proposed in his 1750 book. Although the original account makes no claim that he was the first to do the experiment (which had been done by other scientists (including Thomas-François Dalibard in May), nor that he conducted the test, and it does not give a date for the experiment, it becomes embellished as the story that Franklin "discovered electricity"; in 1766, the story first circulates that Franklin flew the kite in June, 1752, without specifying a date (as Franklin had done in other scientific accounts).[63]
  • November 3 – A hurricane destroys the Spanish settlement on Florida's Santa Rosa Island, leaving only two buildings standing;[72] the remaining residents decide to move from the barrier island on the Gulf of Mexico and to start a settlement on the nearby mainland and construct the Presidio San Miguel de Panzacola, which later forms the nucleus of the city of Pensacola, Florida.
  • November 8 – British Governor Hopson of Nova Scotia and French Governor General of New France, the Marquis Duquesne, agree to a free exchange of deserters from each other's armies in Canada, with the understanding that neither side will execute a deserter once returned.[73]
  • November 22 – "Father Le Loutre's War", the war between the British Canadian colonists of Nova Scotia and the indigenous Mi'kmaq (Micmac) tribe halts temporarily when a peace treaty is signed between the warring parties at Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia.[74] Governor Hopson, accompanied by former Governor Cornwallis, signs on behalf of the British and Chief Kopit (Jean-Baptiste Cope), the Sakamaw of the Mi'kmaq, signs on behalf of his people.
  • December 5 – The first presentation of a Shakespearean play in America is performed when a company of players stages The Merchant of Venice in Williamsburg, Virginia.[75]

1753

January–March

  • January 3 – King Binnya Dala of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom orders the burning of Ava, the former capital of the Kingdom of Burma.
  • January 29 – After a month's absence, Elizabeth Canning returns to her mother's home in London and claims that she was abducted; the following criminal trial causes an uproar.
  • February 17 – The concept of electrical telegraphy is first published in the form of a letter to Scots' Magazine from a writer who identifies himself only as "C.M.". Titled "An Expeditious Method of Conveying Intelligence", C.M. suggests that static electricity (generated by 1753 from "frictional machines") could send electric signals across wires to a receiver. Rather than the dot and dash system later used by Samuel F.B. Morse, C.M. proposes that "a set of wires equal in number to the letters of the alphabet, be extended horizontally between two given places" and that on the receiving side, "Let a ball be suspended from every wire" and that a paper with a letter on it be underneath each wire.[76]
  • March 1 – Sweden adopts the Gregorian calendar, by skipping the 11 days difference between it and the Julian calendar, and letting February 17 be followed directly by March 1.

April–June

July–September

Richmann's electrocution
  • August 6 – Russian scientist Georg Richmann becomes the first person to be electrocuted by his own equipment after he uses an insulated, but improperly grounded, lightning rod in an attempt to gather data on a thunderstorm. Richmann also becomes the first victim of ball lightning during his scientific experiment, in an attempt to replicate the experiments of American Benjamin Franklin.[80]
  • August 7 – The Unity of Brethren, a branch of the Moravian Church, receives a grant the Wachovia Tract, 99,985 acres (404.62 km2) of land (approximately 157 square miles), in western North Carolina, for the benefit of German-speaking immigrants to America. The area now includes Winston-Salem, North Carolina.[81]
  • August 21 – After receiving a series of warnings about incursions into land claimed by the Crown Colony of Virginia (from the colony's Lieutenant Governor, Robert Dinwiddie), the cabinet of British Prime Minister Henry Pelham votes to send a warning to Britain's colonial governors "to prevent, by Force, These and any such attempts" to encroach on their lands "that may be made by the French, or by the Indians in the French interest."[82] Britain's Secretary of State for the Southern Department, the Earl of Holderness, sends the circular order on August 28.[83]
  • September 3 – Tanacharison, a chief of the Oneida people tribe that is one of the "Six Nations" of the Iroquois Confederacy, meets with French officers who have come into the Ohio and Allegheny region and warns them not to advance further into the Iroquois territory.[84]
  • September 18 – Britain's Board of Trade sends a directive to the colonial and provincial governors of Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania ordering them to send delegates to a summit meeting with the Iroquois Confederacy. The message instructs the governors that King George II has ordered "a Sum of Money to be issued for Presents to the Six Nations of Indians" and ordering New York's Governor George Clinton "to hold an Interview with them for delivering these Presents, for burying the Hatchet, and for renewing the Covenant Chain with them."[85]

October–December

  • October 31 – Virginia Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie commissions 21-year-old militia Major George Washington to dissuade the French from occupying the Ohio Country.
  • November 12 – Spain's King Fernando VI issues a set of 25 regulations and restrictions for theatrical performances, including a requirement that the directors of the acting troupes "take the greatest care that the necessary modesty is preserved" and that the actors should be reminded that chastity requires that "indecent and provocative" dances should be avoided.[86]
  • November 12 – A fire destroys the Emperor's Palace in Moscow.[87]
  • November 24 – José Alfonso Pizarro completes more than four years as the Spanish Viceroy of New Granada (which comprises modern-day Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador) and is succeeded by José Solís Folch de Cardona.[88]
  • November 25 – The Russian Academy of Sciences announces a competition among chemists and physicists to provide "the best explanation of the true causes of electricity including their theory", with a deadline of June 1, 1755 (on the Julian calendar used in Russia, June 12 on the Gregorian calendar used in Western Europe and the New World).[89]
  • December 11 – Major George Washington and British guide Christopher Gist arrive at Fort Le Boeuf (near modern-day Waterford, Pennsylvania and the city of Erie), a French fortress built in territory claimed by the British Crown Colony of Virginia. Washington presents the fort's commander, French Army Captain Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, a message from Virginia's Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie advising that "The lands upon the Ohio River are so notoriously known to be the property of the Crown of Great Britain that it is a matter of equal concern and surprise... to hear that a body of French fortresses and making settlements upon that river, within His Majesty's dominions," adding that "It becomes my duty to require your peaceable departure." Captain Legardeur provides a reply for Washington to take to Dinwiddie, declaring that the rights of France's King Louis XV to the land "are incontestable", and refuses to back down, leading to beginning of the French and Indian War in 1754.[90]

Date unknown

  • James Lind writes A Treatise of the Scurvy.
  • Robert Wood publishes The ruins of Palmyra; otherwise Tedmor in the desart in English and French, making the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra known to the West.
  • The Cramer family starts a brewing operation at Warstein in North Rhine-Westphalia, originating the Warsteiner brand.

1754

January–March

April–June

July–September

  • July 3 – French and Indian War – Battle of Fort Necessity: George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French Capt. Louis Coulon de Villiers, the only surrender in Washington's military career.
  • July 10 – The Albany Plan of Union is given official approval by the delegates from New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Massachusetts, with Connecticut opposing. The plan approved at the meeting in Albany, New York is based on Benjamin Franklin's suggestions of "a general union of the British colonies on the continent" for a common defense policy. As amended at the assembly, the proposed union calls for the British Parliament to approve the arrangement, which would encompass all of the British North American colonies except for Georgia and Nova Scotia. The plan, to be considered by the individual colonies for ratification, provides for an inter-colonial legislature (the Grand Council) composed of between two and seven representatives for each colony, depending on population. It also provides for a "President General" who can veto Grand Council legislation, a common defense budget with colonies contributing proportionately to their representation, and an inter-colonial army whose officers would be selected by the Grand Council.[94]
  • July 17 – Classes begin at Columbia University, founded on October 31 as King's College by royal charter of King George II of Great Britain.[95] The college is originally located in Lower Manhattan in the Province of New York. Instruction is suspended in 1776, and the school reopens in 1784 as Columbia College. With the college's growth in the 19th century, it is renamed Columbia University in 1896.
  • August 6 – The British North American Province of Georgia is created. Originally established in 1732 as a place for impoverished English citizens and debt prison parolees to make a new life, is given its first royal government. Administered for 22 years by the Board of Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America, chaired by philanthropist James Oglethorpe, the colony is transferred by the Trustees to the British crown's Board of Trade and Plantations. King George II, for whom the colony was named, follows the Board's recommendation by proclaiming Georgia a royal province, and appointing Royal Navy Captain John Reynolds as the first Royal Governor.[96] Reynolds arrives in Savannah on October 29 to take office.[97]
  • August 17 – Pennsylvania becomes the first of the British colonies to address Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan for an inter-colonial union. With Franklin absent from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania's House of Representatives votes against to not consider the Plan at all, and to not refer it to the next legislative session for debate.[94]
  • August 19 – Lieutenant Colonel George Washington is forced to confront his first mutiny as 25 members of his Virginia militia refuse to obey orders from their officers. Washington, who is attending church services at the time, quickly suppresses the rebellion and the mutineers are imprisoned before more join.[98]
  • August 30 – New Hampshire settlers Susannah Willard Johnson and her family are taken hostage by the Abenaki Indians during an attack near Charlestown. Nine months pregnant at the time of their capture, Johnson gives birth two days later to a child, whom she names Elizabeth Captive Johnson. For the next two years, the family is held for ransom in Canada before she is released. In 1796, she will recount the story in a popular memoir, A Narrative of the Captivity of Mrs. Johnson.[99]
  • September 2 – A powerful earthquake strikes Constantinople shortly after 9 o'clock in the evening. A Scottish physician, Mordach Mackenzie, reports in a letter that the tremor damaged or destroyed numerous buildings and comments, "Some say there were 2000 people destroyed by this calamity, in the town and suburbs; some 900; and others reduce them to 60, who, by what I have seen, are nearer the truth."[100]
  • September 11 – Anthony Henday, an English explorer, becomes the first white man to reach the Canadian Rockies, after climbing a ridge above the Red Deer River near what is now Innisfail, Alberta.[101]

October–December

  • October 24 – China's Qianlong Emperor reverses a longstanding policy that barred Chinese subjects from ever returning to China if they remained out of the country for more than three years.[102]
  • October 31 – What will become Columbia University is chartered as "a College in the Province of New York... in the City of New York in America... named King's College", with the charter submitted by New York's colonial governor, James De Lancey.[95]
  • November 28 – Denmark establishes the Renteskirverkontor, an office within the Chamber of Finance, to oversee the colonial affairs of the Danish West Indies (Dansk Vestindien).[103] Peder Mariager, who had been a minor official of the Danish West Indies Company, becomes the first administrator. The colony, consisting of the islands of Saint Thomas, Saint John and Saint Croix later is purchased by the United States from Denmark and is now the U.S. Virgin Islands.
  • November 29 – Karim Khan Zand, the King of Persia (now Iran) recaptures the city of Shiraz from Afghan warlord Azad Khan Afghan, who had taken control of much of central Iran since 1749.[104]
  • December 13 – Osman III succeeds his brother Mahmud I as Ottoman Emperor; he will rule until his death in 1757.
  • December 26 – Massachusetts becomes the third colony (after Pennsylvania and Connecticut) to reject the Albany Plan for an inter-colonial union, voting 48 to 31 to postpone consideration of the union question indefinitely.[94]

Date unknown

1755

January–March

  • January 23 (O. S. January 12, Tatiana Day, nowadays celebrated on January 25) – Moscow University is established.
  • February 13 – Treaty of Giyanti: The kingdom of Mataram on Java is divided in two, creating the sultanate of Yogyakarta and the sunanate of Surakarta.
  • March 12 – A steam engine is used in the American colonies for the first time as New Jersey copper mine owner Arent Schuyler installs a Newcomen atmospheric engine to pump water out of a mineshaft.[105]
  • March 22 – Britain's House of Commons votes in favor of £1,000,000 of appropriations to expand the British Army and Royal Navy operations in North America.[106]
  • March 26 – General Edward Braddock and 1,600 British sailors and soldiers arrive at Alexandria, Virginia on transport ships that have sailed up the Potomac River. Braddock, sent to take command of the British forces against the French in North America, commandeers taverns and private homes to feed and house the troops.[107]

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

1756

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

1757

January–March

April–June

May 6: The Battle of Prague takes place as a Bohemian siege of the Bohemian capital.
June 23: The Battle of Plassey takes place in India.

July–September

October–December

December 5: King Frederick of Prussia defeats the Austrian army in the Battle of Leuthen.
  • October 4 – Bearing British flags, two French privateers sail up the Gambia River and attempt to capture the British fort on James Island, but their ruse is discovered the next day before they can stage their attack. The two ships are captured by the Royal Navy after retreating [165]
  • October 14 – Of the 478 people arrested, and 442 (including 50 women and young boys) convicted, for their roles in the Porto riot in February, 13 men and one woman are hanged; afterwards, their bodies are then quartered and the severed limbs are publicly displayed on spikes. Another 49 men and 10 women are exiled to Portuguese colonies in Africa and India, and the other convicts are either flogged, imprisoned or pressed into service rowing galley ships.[148]
  • October 16 – Seven Years' War: Hungarian raiders plunder Berlin, Prussia.
  • October 24 (10 Safar 1171 A.H.) – 1757 Hajj caravan raid: Bedouin warriors of the Bani Sakher confederacy conduct a massive assault against a caravan of thousands of Muslim travelers who are on their way back to Damascus after the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca. The attack, made at Hallat Ammar after the group has been resupplied at Tabuk, leads to the annihilation of 20,000 of the pilgrims. Those who are not killed outright die later in the desert from thirst and starvation.[166] According to one Arabic source, the largest attack takes place on October 24.
  • October 30 – Osman III dies, and is succeeded as Ottoman Sultan by Mustafa III.
  • October 31 – News of the massacre of Muslim pilgrims first reaches Damascus; the Ottoman officials who had been in charge of protecting the pilgrimage are executed by beheading.[166]
  • November 5 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Rossbach – Frederick defeats the French-Imperial army under the Duc de Soubise and Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen, forcing the French to withdraw from Saxony.
  • November 10 – King Abdallah IV of Morocco dies and is succeeded by his son, who takes the throne as King Mohammed III and reigns until 1790.
  • November 22 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Breslau – An Austrian army under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine defeats the Prussian army of Wilhelm of Brunswick-Bevern, and forces the Prussians behind the Oder.
  • December 5 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Leuthen – Frederick defeats Prince Charles's Austrian army, in what is generally considered the Prussian king's greatest tactical victory.
  • December 6 – In Buddhist tradition, Jigme Lingpa discovers the Longchen Nyingthig terma through a meditative vision, which brings him to Boudhanath. The Longchen Nyingtig is a popular cycle of teachings in the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism.
  • December 14 – Battle of Khresili: King Solomon I of Imereti defeats the Ottoman army and an allied faction of nobles, in what becomes western Georgia.
  • December 24 – The Pratt-Yorke opinion distinguishes British overseas territories acquired by conquest from those acquired by private treaty: while the Crown of Great Britain enjoys sovereignty over both, only the property of the former is vested in the Crown.
  • December 30 – James Abercrombie replaces James Mure-Campbell, 5th Earl of Loudoun as supreme commander in the British American colonies.[167] Abercrombie is replaced himself, after failing to take the fort at Ticonderoga.

Date unknown

1758

January–March

April–June

June 23: Battle of Krefeld

July–September

August 25: Battle of Zorndorf
October 14: Battle of Hochkirch

October–December

Date unknown

  • Marquis Gabriel de Lernay, a French officer captured during the Seven Years' War, establishes a military lodge in Berlin, with the help of Baron de Printzen, master of The Three Globes Lodge at Berlin, and Philipp Samuel Rosa, a disgraced former pastor.
  • Okadaya (岡田屋), predecessor of AEON, a multiple retailer group, founded in Yokkaichi, Japan.
  • J. R. Geigy, predecessor of Novartis, a global pharmaceutical brand, founded in Basel, Switzerland.[183]

1759

January–March

April–June

  • April 13 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Bergen: A French army defeats Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick in Hesse.
  • May 1 – Josiah Wedgwood founds the Wedgwood pottery in England.
  • May 10 – The Macedonian Hussar Regiment is formed and starts to assist the Russian Empire in the Seven Years' War.
  • June 4 – After arriving at Canada, the Royal Navy fleet sails out of British-controlled Halifax toward the St. Lawrence River to prepare the invasion of French Quebec.[189]
  • June 15 – The first vascular surgery in history is performed by a Dr. Hallowell (whose first name has been lost) at Newcastle upon Tyne in England, who uses suture repair rather than a tying off with a ligature to repair an aneurysm on a patient's brachial artery. The case is reported in 1761 by Dr. Richard Lambert in the paper "A new technique of treating an aneurysm", published in the journal Medical Observations and Inquiries.[190] The new procedure of reconstructing a damaged artery replaces the practice of ligation that had risked the amputation of a limb or organ failure.[191]
  • June 26 – After their fleet finishes navigation of the St. Lawrence and arriving at the Île d'Orléans, British troops go ashore on France's North American territory and begin the siege of Quebec City.[188]

July–September

August 12: Battle of Kunersdorf.

October–December

November 20: Battle of Quiberon Bay

Date unknown

Significant people

Births

1750

Antonio Salieri
Tipu Sultan

1751

James Madison
Caroline Matilda

1752

John Nash
Gouverneur Morris
John Graves Simcoe
  • February 4 – Gerrit Paape, Dutch politician, writer (d. 1803)
  • February 5
    • Anton Walter, Austrian piano maker (d. 1826)
  • February 8 – Victurnien-Jean-Baptiste de Rochechouart de Mortemart, French general, politician (d. 1812)
  • February 9
    • Ebenezer Sproat, Continental Army officer, pioneer to the Ohio Country (d. 1805)
  • February 12
    • Josef Reicha (d. 1795)
    • Dorothea Ackermann, German actress (d. 1821)
  • February 13
    • Luise von Göchhausen, German lady in waiting (d. 1807)
    • Giovanni Fabbroni, Italian scientist (d. 1822)
  • February 16 – Friedrich Karl Wilhelm, Fürst zu Hohenlohe, Austrian general (d. 1814)
  • February 17 – Friedrich Maximilian Klinger, German writer (d. 1831)
  • February 19 – Francesco Ruspoli, 3rd Prince of Cerveteri (d. 1829)
  • February 19 – Simone Assemani, Italian orientalist (d. 1821)
  • February 23 – Simon Knéfacz, Croatian writer (d. 1819)
  • February 26 – James Winchester, American general and politician (d. 1826)
  • February 27 – William Linn, American President of Queen's College) (d. 1808)
  • March 3 – Thomas Hardy (political reformer) (d. 1832)
  • March 5 – Leendert Viervant the Younger, Dutch architect (d. 1801)
  • March 8
    • Johann David Schoepff, German biologist (d. 1800)
    • Robert Clifford, English cricketer (d. 1811)
  • March 11
    • Sir Charles Hastings, 1st Baronet, British Army officer (d. 1823)
    • Joseph Malboeuf, dit Beausoleil, Member of Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada (d. 1823)
  • March 14
  • March 16 – Antoine Joseph Santerre, French general (d. 1809)
  • March 19 – Giuseppe Colucci, Italian historian of the Marche, writer (d. 1809)
  • March 20 – Robert Newman, American sexton at the Old North Church in Boston (d. 1804)
  • March 21
  • March 23 – Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden, German pioneer in mining and metallurgy (d. 1815)
  • March 24 – Antoine Joseph Gorsas, French publicist, politician (d. 1793)
  • March 25 – Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 4th Duke of Liria and Jérica, Spanish duke (d. 1787)
Humphry Repton
  • May 4
    • John Brooks (governor), Massachusetts doctor, military officer, governor (d. 1825)
    • François Adriaan van der Kemp, Dutch politician (d. 1829)
  • May 5 – Johann Tobias Mayer, German physicist (d. 1830)
  • May 9 – Johann Anton Leisewitz, German lawyer and dramatic poet (d. 1806)
  • May 9 – Antonio Scarpa, Italian anatomist (d. 1832)
  • May 10
    • Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld, First Queen of Saxony/Duchess of Warsaw (d. 1828)
    • Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville, French general (d. 1821)
  • May 11 – Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, German anthropologist (d. 1840)
  • May 13 – Michael Hughes, Welsh industrialist (d. 1825)
Albrecht Thaer
  • May 14
    • Albrecht Thaer, German agronomist (d. 1828)
    • Timothy Dwight IV, American academic, educator (d. 1817)
    • Juliane Reichardt, German-born Bohemian pianist, singer and composer (d. 1783)
  • May 17 – Thomas Boude, American politician (d. 1822)
  • May 20
    • Charles-Louis Antiboul, French Girondist politician (d. 1793)
  • May 22 – Louis Legendre, French politician of the Revolution period (d. 1797)
  • May 24
    • Oliver Cromwell, African-American soldier (d. 1853)
  • May 26
    • Antoine Brice, Belgian painter (d. 1817)
    • William Badger, master shipbuilder operating in Kittery, Maine (d. 1830)
  • May 28 – Robert Carr Brackenbury, English Methodist preacher (d. 1818)
  • May 29 – Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth, British diplomat (d. 1825)
  • May 31 – John Marsh, English music composer (d. 1828)
  • June 5
    • George Burder, English Nonconformist divine (d. 1832)
    • Hardy Murfree, American soldier (d. 1809)
  • June 6 – John Gabriel Jones, Kentucky pioneer and statesman (d. 1776)
  • June 8 – Sir James Lamb, 1st Baronet of England (d. 1824)
  • June 11
    • Christian Graf von Haugwitz, German statesman (d. 1832)
    • Eliphalet Pearson, American educator (d. 1826)
Frances Burney
  • June 13 – Fanny Burney, English novelist, diarist (d. 1840)
  • June 15 – Paul Cobb Methuen, British politician (d. 1816)
  • June 19 – Lord Richard Cavendish (1752–1781), second son of William Cavendish (d. 1781)
  • June 24 – Horatio Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford (d. 1822)
  • June 27 – Hannah Mather Crocker, American essayist, advocate of women's rights in America (d. 1829)
  • June 29 – Christopher Frederik Lowzow, Danish-Norwegian army officer (d. 1829)
  • July 1 – Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle, British Army general (d. 1795)
  • July 3 – Heinrich Philipp Konrad Henke, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1809)
  • July 4 – Ignace-Michel-Louis-Antoine d'Irumberry de Salaberry, Canadian politician (d. 1828)
  • July 5
    • Luke Hansard, English printer (d. 1828)
  • July 7 – Joseph Marie Jacquard, French inventor (d. 1834)
  • July 8 – Morton Eden, 1st Baron Henley, British diplomat (d. 1830)
St. George Tucker
Maria Carolina of Austria
Adrien-Marie Legendre
Józef Zajączek
George Rogers Clark
Thomas Chatterton
Gabriel Duvall
  • December 3 – Leonard Gyllenhaal, Swedish military officer, entomologist (d. 1840)
  • December 6
    • Robert de Lamanon, French botanist (d. 1787)
  • December 8
    • Sir John Barrington, 9th Baronet of Great Britain (d. 1818)
    • Placidus a Spescha, Swiss mountain climber (d. 1833)
    • Vicesimus Knox, English essayist, minister (d. 1821)
  • December 9 – Antoine Étienne de Tousard, French general, military engineer (d. 1813)
  • December 12
    • Thomas Bulkeley, 7th Viscount Bulkeley, English aristocrat and politician (d. 1822)
    • Pedro Andrés del Alcázar, Spanish and later Chilean Army officer and war hero (d. 1820)
  • December 14 – Christoph August Tiedge, German poet (d. 1841)
  • December 17 – John Kilby Smith, American Continental army officer (d. 1842)
  • December 19 – François Isaac de Rivaz, French inventor, politician (d. 1828)
  • December 21 – Jean-François Houbigant, French perfumer (d. 1807)
  • December 28 – Conrad Tanner, Swiss abbot (d. 1825)
  • December 30 – Sir Charles Malet, 1st Baronet, British East India Company official (d. 1815)

1753

John Soane

1754

Frédéric-César de La Harpe
Louis XVI of France
  • Eve Frank, Bulgarian religious leader (d. 1816)
  • Richard Hancorne, British Royal Navy officer (d. 1792)

1755

Marie Antoinette
Louis XVIII

1756

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

1757

Alexander Hamilton
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
William Blake

1758

James Monroe
Maximilien Robespierre
Thomas Picton
Christopher Gore
Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson
Noah Webster

1759

Mary Wollstonecraft
William Wilberforce
Friedrich Schiller

Deaths

1750

Johann Sebastian Bach

1751

Tomaso Albinoni
King Frederick I of Sweden
Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke

1752

Joseph Butler
William Whiston

1753

George Berkeley

1754

Marie Isabelle de Rohan, Duchess of Tallard died 5 January
Lord Archibald Hamilton died 5 April
Maria Teresa Felicitas d'Este died 30 April
Carl Georg Siöblad died 1 September
Safdar Jang died 5 October
Mahmud I died 13 December
  • January 5 – Marie Isabelle de Rohan, Duchess of Tallard, French noblewoman, granddaughter of Madame de Ventadour (b. 1699)
  • January 10 – Edward Cave, English editor, publisher (b. 1691)
  • January 16 – Edward Trelawny, British governor of Jamaica 1738–1752 (b. 1699)
  • January 17 – Filippo Maria Monti, Cardinal in the Catholic Church (b. 1675)
  • January 20 – Christian August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (b. 1696)
  • January 28 – Ludvig Holberg, Norwegian dramatist and writer (b. 1684)[217]
  • February 2 – William Benson, English architect and self-serving Whig place-holder (b. 1682)
  • February 5 – Caroline Thielo, Danish actress (b. 1735)
  • February 16 – Richard Mead, English physician (b. 1673)
  • February 22 – Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine, fils de France of the House of Bourbon (b. 1753)
  • February 27 – Tomás de Almeida, first Patriarch of Lisbon (b. 1670)
  • March 4 – Léopold Philippe d'Arenberg, 4th Duke of Arenberg (b. 1690)
  • March 6 – Henry Pelham, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1694)
  • March 9 – Alexander Brodie, Scottish clan chief and politician (b. 1697)
  • March 10 – Marc de Beauvau, Prince of Craon (b. 1679)
  • March 22 – Samuel Bourn the Younger, English dissenting minister (b. 1689)
  • March 23 – Johann Jakob Wettstein, Swiss theologian (b. 1693)
  • March 31 – Hilario a Jesu Costa, Roman Catholic prelate, Apostolic Vicar of Eastern Tonking (1737–1754), Titular Bishop of Corycus (1735–1737) (b. 1696)
  • April 2 – Thomas Carte, English historian (b. 1686)
  • April 4 – Charles Guillaume Loys de Bochat, 18th-century Swiss jurist and antiquarian (b. 1695)
  • April 5 – Lord Archibald Hamilton, Scottish officer of the Royal Navy (b. 1673)
  • April 8 – José de Carvajal y Lancáster, Spanish statesman (b. 1698)
  • April 9 – Christian Wolff, German philosopher, mathematician, scientist (b. 1679)
  • April 15 – Jacopo Riccati, Italian mathematician (b. 1676)
  • April 21 – Thomas Lawrence, merchant who was elected to six one-year terms as mayor of Philadelphia (b. 1689)
  • April 27 – Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard (b. 1681)
  • April 30 – Maria Teresa Felicitas d'Este (b. 1726)
  • May 14 – Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée, French writer (b. 1692)
  • May 18 – Sir John Strange, English politician (b. 1696)
  • May 23 – John Wood, the Elder, English architect (b. 1704)
  • June 2 – Ebenezer Erskine, Scottish religious dissenter (b. 1680)
  • June 7 – Nicolai Eigtved, Danish architect (b. 1701)
  • June 21 – Johann Baptist Martinelli, Austrian architect (b. 1701)
  • June 28
    • Sollom Emlyn, Irish legal writer (b. 1697)
    • Martin Folkes, English antiquarian (b. 1690)

1755

Montesquieu
Saint Gerard Majella

1756

  • January 17 – Isabella Simons, banker in the Austrian Netherlands (b. 1694)
  • January 18 – Francis George of Schönborn-Buchheim (b. 1682)
  • February 22 – Akdun, Chinese Manchu statesman (b. 1685)
Eliza Haywood

1757

Sophia Dorothea of Hanover
Sultan Osman III

1758

Jonathan Edwards
Marthanda Varma
James Francis Edward Keith
Françoise de Graffigny

1759

George Frideric Handel

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