Landslide victory

A landslide victory is an election result in which the winning candidate or party achieves a decisive victory by an overwhelming margin, securing a very large majority of votes or seats far beyond the typical competitive outcome.[1][2][3][4] The term became popular in the 1800s to describe a victory in which the opposition is "buried",[1] similar to the way in which a geological landslide buries whatever is in its path. A landslide victory for one party is often accompanied by an electoral wipeout for the opposition, as the overwhelming support for the winning side inflicts a decisive loss on its rivals. What qualifies as a landslide victory can vary depending on the type of electoral system, as the term does not entail a precise, technical, or universally agreed-upon measurement. Instead, it is used informally in everyday language, making it subject to interpretation. Even within a single electoral system, there is no consensus on the exact margin that constitutes a landslide victory.[1]

A landslide victory implies a powerful expression of popular will and a ringing endorsement by the electorate for the winner’s political platform. Such a decisive outcome can lead the winner to interpret it as a mandate or a tacit authorization from the public to implement their proposed policies and pursue their agenda with confidence. Emboldened by the result, the winner may undertake ambitious reforms or significant policy shifts to reflect the electorate’s desire for meaningful change.[5]

A combination of factors–such as charismatic leadership, a favorable shift in public sentiment driven by dissatisfaction with or support for the status quo, strategic electoral campaigning and a positive media portrayal–can create the conditions necessary for a landslide victory. Such a victory may fundamentally reshape the political landscape of a country, for example Franklin D. Roosevelt's election as US president in 1932.[6] In this imbalanced landscape, the winning party could implement policies more easily, facing little resistance, while the severely weakened opposition may struggle to perform essential checks and balances.

Notable examples

Australia

Local and mayoral elections:

State and territory elections:

  • 2021 Western Australian state election – Mark McGowan led the Labor Party to win 53 out of the 59 seats in the lower house. The Labor Party had a primary vote of 59.92% and a two-party-preferred vote of 69.68%. The National Party won 4 seats and the Liberal Party won 2 seats, making the National Party the official opposition, the first time they had held this status since the 1940s. To date, the election is the most decisive result at any Australian state or federal election since Federation, in terms of both percentage of lower house seats controlled by the governing party (89.8%) and two-party preferred margin.[9][10]
Map displaying Labor's landslide victory at the 2021 Western Australian state election. Seats won by Labor are in red, seats won by the Liberals are in blue and seats won by the Nationals are in green.

Federal elections:

  • 1929 – The Labor Party won 47 seats while the Coalition won just 24 seats.
  • 1943 – The Labor Party won 49 seats while the Coalition won just 23 seats.
  • 1966 – The Coalition won 82 seats while the Labor Party won just 41 seats.
  • 1975 – The Coalition won 91 seats while the Labor Party won just 36 seats.
  • 1996 – The Coalition won 94 seats while the Labor Party won just 49 seats.
  • 2013 – The Coalition won 90 seats while the Labor Party won just 55 seats.
  • 2025 – The Labor Party won 94 seats while the Coalition won just 43 seats.

Barbados

In Barbadian general elections, a landslide victory involves a large swing from one party to another as well as one party winning a large majority in parliament. Landslide victories have usually occurred after a long period of government from one particular party and a change in the popular mood.

Brazil

Map by municipalities of FHC's landslide victory in 1998.
  • 2010 Pernambuco gubernatorial election – candidate Eduardo Campos wins 82.84% over Jarbas 14,06%.

Canada

A map of the vote by province in 1958 shows the scale of the Progressive Conservatives' landslide victory.
A map of the vote by province in 1984 shows the scale of the Progressive Conservatives' landslide victory.

In a Canadian federal election, a landslide victory occurs when a political party gains a significant majority of the House of Commons of Canada.

Landslide victories may also occur during provincial elections, and territorial elections in Yukon. Landslide victories are not possible for territorial elections in the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut, as its members are elected without reference to political parties, operating as a consensus government.

National landslide victories

The following Canadian federal elections resulted in landslide victories:[11]

  • 1874 – The Liberals won 133 seats while the Conservatives won just 73 seats.
  • 1878 – The Conservatives won 137 seats while the Liberals won just 69 seats.
  • 1882 – The Conservatives won 139 seats while the Liberals won just 71 seats.
  • 1917 – The Conservatives won 153 seats while the Liberals won just 82.
  • 1935 – The Liberals won 171 seats while the Conservatives won just 39.
  • 1940 – The Liberals won 178 seats while the Progressive Conservatives won just 39.
  • 1949 – The Liberals won 191 seats while the Progressive Conservatives won just 41.
  • 1953 – The Liberals won 171 seats while the Progressive Conservatives won just 51.
  • 1958 – The Progressive Conservatives won 208 seats while the Liberals won just 48.
  • 1968 – The Liberals won 155 seats while the Progressive Conservatives won just 72.
  • 1984 – The Progressive Conservatives won 211 seats while the Liberals won just 40.
  • 1993 – The Liberals won 177 seats while the Bloc Québecois, which ran only in Quebec, won 54. The ruling Progressive Conservatives dropped from 154 to 2.

Provincial examples

Costa Rica

Croatia

Results in all of Croatia's counties: the counties in blue voted for Tuđman, and Istria County voted for Gotovac (marked in yellow).

Dominica

Finland

France

Only include those after 1958.

French Polynesia

Grenada

In Grenadian general elections, a landslide victory involves a large swing from one party to another as well as one party winning a large majority in parliament. Landslide victories have usually occurred after a long period of government from one particular party and a change in the popular mood.

Hong Kong

Legislative Council elections:

  • 1991 – The pro-democracy camp won 16 of the 18 directly elected geographical constituency seats, with a coalition of the United Democrats of Hong Kong and the Meeting Point taking 14 of the seats.
  • 1995 – The pro-democracy camp swept 16 of the 20 directly elected geographical constituency seats in which the Democratic Party alone took 12 directly elected seats.
  • 2021 – The pro-Beijing camp took 89 out of 90 seats in the Legislative Council. Many democratic candidates had been barred from running, and turnout was extremely low.

Local elections:

  • 2019 – The pro-democracy camp seized control of 17 of the 18 District Councils, tripling their seats from about 124 to 389. The pro-Beijing parties and independents won only 61 seats, a loss of 242 seats, received their largest defeat in history.

Hungary

  • 2010 – Fidesz–KDNP won 262 of the 386 seats thus being the first party to win a super-majority since 1990.
  • 2022 – Despite an electoral alliance of almost all opposition parties, Fidesz–KDNP won 135 of the 199 seats thus winning a super-majority for the fourth time in a row.

India

  • In the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election the BJP led Maha Yuti alliance won 237 of the 288 seats.
  • In the 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election the TDP led Kutami as a part of National Democratic Alliance won 164 seats out of 175 seats it contested.

Italy

  • 2005 Italian regional elections – The Union centre-left coalition won the presidency in 12 out of 14 regions that were holding elections that year. After this election the centre-left controlled the presidency in 16 out of Italy's 20 regions.
  • 2020 Venetian regional election – Incumbent president of Veneto Luca Zaia (Lega) won carrying 76.79% of the vote, five times as many as his main opponent Arturo Lorenzoni's (PD) 15.72%.

Jamaica

In Jamaican elections, a landslide victory involves a large swing from one party to another as well as one party winning a large majority in parliament. Landslide victories have usually occurred after a long period of government from one particular party and a change in the popular mood.

Malaysia

Federal election

Results of the Malaysian election of 2004. Barisan Nasional won the constituencies in blue.

State elections

  • 2008 Penang state election
  • 2021 Malacca state election
  • 2021 Sarawak state election
  • 2022 Johor state election
  • 2022 Perlis state election
  • 2023 Terengganu state election – Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar led the coalition Perikatan Nasional (PN) to win all out of the 33 seats in the state assembly. The Perikatan Nasional had a popular vote of 68.44%. The Barisan Nasional (BN) – Pakatan Harapan (PH) electoral pact did not win any seats, with BN losing all its previous 10 seats, leaving the state assembly with no elected opposition representative since 1978.
  • 2023 Kedah state election – Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor led the coalition Perikatan Nasional (PN) to win 33 out of the 36 seats in the state assembly. The Perikatan Nasional had a popular vote of 68.88%. The Barisan Nasional (BN) – Pakatan Harapan (PH) electoral pact won the remaining 3 seats, with PH capturing all 3 seats. For the first time in the state's history, BN did not have any representation in the state assembly, allowing PH to take BN's place as the state's main opposition.
  • 2023 Kelantan state election

Monaco

Monaco is traditionally dominated by conservative parties with only two cases in which left-of-centre parties won any seats (1963 and 1973).

  • 1968 – The governing National and Democratic Union, led by August Médecin, won a landslide victory, winning 18 seats on the National Council.
  • Between 1978 and 1988 - The governing National and Democratic Union hold all 18 seats on the National Council.
  • 1998 – The governing National and Democratic Union, led by Jean-Louis Campora, won a landslide victory, winning all 18 seats on the National Council.
  • 2023 – The governing Monegasque National Union, led by Brigitte Boccone-Pagès, won a landslide victory, winning all 24 seats on the National Council.

New Zealand

Until 1993, New Zealand used the traditional first-past-the-post system as in the U.K. to determine representation in its Parliament. Thus, landslide elections at that time were defined in an identical fashion, i.e. where one party got an overwhelming majority of the seats. Since 1996, New Zealand has used the mixed member proportional system as in Germany, making landslides much less likely.[13]

First past the post

  • 1893 election – The Liberals won 51 seats and 57.8% of the vote while the Conservatives won 13 seats and just 24.5% of the vote.[14]
  • 1899 election – The Liberals won 49 seats and 52.7% of the vote while the Conservatives won 19 seats and just 36.6% of the vote.[14]
  • 1905 election – The Liberals won 58 seats and 53.1% of the vote while the Conservatives won 16 seats and just 29.7% of the vote.[14]
  • 1925 election – The Reform Party won 55 seats while the Labour & Liberal parties won just 23 seats combined.[14]
  • 1935 election – The Labour Party won 53 seats while the Coalition won just 19 seats.[14]
  • 1938 election – The Labour Party won 53 seats while the National Party won just 25 seats.[14]
  • 1990 election – The National Party won 67 seats while the Labour Party won just 29 seats.[14]

Philippines

Ramon Magsaysay (light green)'s 1953 landslide victory.

In 1941, the Nacionalista Party won the presidency, vice presidency, all seats in the Senate, and all but 3 seats in the House of Representatives. This was the biggest landslide in Philippine history. The legislators didn't serve until 1945 though, due to World War II.

Starting in 1987, the Philippines evolved into a multi-party system, and coupled with the introduction of party-list elections in 1998, no party was able to win a landslide, much less a majority of seats, in the House of Representatives since then. This has also meant, until 2022, that no presidential and vice presidential election winner won a majority of votes, although, in 1998, the winners were described as having landslide victories, despite winning less than a majority of votes, due to large winning margins. Senatorial landslides are more possible though in midterm elections, as voters are usually presented with two distinct choices. The 2022 presidential election was the first landslide since 1987.

Presidential and vice presidential elections

In the Philippines, while there are presidential tickets, the positions of president and vice president are elected separately.

  • 1935 – Manuel L. Quezon won with 68% of the vote. His running mate, Sergio Osmeña, won with 86% of the vote. Their second placers had 18% and 8% of the vote, respectively.
  • 1941 – Manuel L. Quezon won with 80% of the vote. His running mate, Sergio Osmeña, won with 90% of the vote. The second placers had 18% and 8% of the vote, respectively. This was the biggest landslide in an election where major opposition parties participated.
  • 1953 – Ramon Magsaysay won with 69% of the vote. His running mate, Carlos P. Garcia, won with 63% of the vote. Their opponents had 31% and 37% of the vote, respectively.
  • 1981 – Ferdinand Marcos won with 89% of the vote, and won in every province, with the main opposition coalition boycotting the election. This is the largest landslide in history.

Senate

  • 1941 – Nacionalista Party won all 24 seats in the Senate. This was the only time that the Senate had no members from the opposition.
  • 1949 – The Liberal Party won all 8 seats contested.
  • 1951 – The Nacionalista Party won all 9 seats contested.
  • 1955 – The Nacionalista Party won all 9 seats contested. The Nacionalistas then had 21 of the 24 seats in the Senate, leaving the Liberals with none.
  • 1987 – Lakas ng Bayan won 22 of 24 seats. Their main opponents, the Grand Alliance for Democracy, won 2.
  • 2019 – The ruling party, Hugpong ng Pagbabago won 9 of the 12 seats contested. Their main opponents, Otso Diretso won no seats. The other 3 seats went to other parties.

House of Representatives

  • 1907 – The Nacionalista Party won 59 of 80 seats. The Progresista Party won 16. From 1907 to 1919, the Nacionalistas won every election in large margins, as they advocated Philippine independence from the United States, over their opponents' more conservative approach to the issue. From 1922 to 1935, the Nacionalistas were split into factions, until they were reunited in time for the 1938 election.
  • 1938 – The Nacionalista Party won all 98 seats. This was the only time that the House of Representatives had no members from the opposition.
  • 1941 – The Nacionalista Party won 95 seats. The other 3 seats were won by independents.
  • 1957 – The Nacionalista Party won 82 seats. The Liberal Party won just 19.
  • 1969 – The Nacionalista Party won 88 seats. The Liberal Party won just 18.
  • 1978 – The Kilusang Bagong Lipunan won 150 seats. Their opposition Lakas ng Bayan, won no seats. Minor and regional parties won the remaining 15 seats.

Portugal

Legislative Elections
District map that shows the scale of the 1991 Social Democrats' landslide victory.
District map that shows the scale of the 2022 Socialists' landslide victory.
  • 1979 – The centre-right Democratic Alliance (AD), a coalition between the Social Democratic Party, the Democratic and Social Centre and the People's Monarchist Party, led by Francisco Sá Carneiro, won 128 out of the 250 seats and 45.3% of the popular vote. The second most voted party, the Socialist Party received 27.3% of the total voting, 18 percentage points behind the winners.
  • 1980 – Following their win one year earlier, Democratic Alliance (AD), led by Francisco Sá Carneiro, won 134 out of the 250 seats and 47.6% of the popular vote. The Socialist Party, the second most voted party, received just 27.8% of the total voting, nearly 20 points behind the AD.
  • 1987 – The centre-right Social Democratic Party led by Cavaco Silva won 148 out of the 250 seats and 50.2% of the popular vote. The second most voted party, the Socialist Party would receive just 22.2% of the total voting, falling 28 percentage points behind the winners.
  • 1991 – Following the success attained in the previous legislative elections, the Social Democratic Party led by Cavaco Silva won 135 out of the 230 seats and 50.6% of the popular vote. The Socialist Party would also rise in voting, receiving 29.1% of the votes, but would still be far short of the Social Democrats.
  • 2005 – The centre-left Socialist Party led by José Sócrates won 121 out of the 230 seats and 45% of the popular vote. The second most voted party, the Social Democratic Party received just 28.8% of the total voting and 75 seats, thus polling 16 percentage points behind the Socialists.
  • 2022 – The Socialist Party led by António Costa gathered 120 out of the 230 seats and 41.4% of the popular vote. The second most voted party, the Social Democratic Party polled at 29.1% of the total voting, 12.3 percentage points behind the Socialists, and only won two electoral districts out of twenty two.
Presidential Elections
  • 1976 – António Ramalho Eanes, supported by the center-right and center-left political parties secured 61.6% of the total vote, while the second most voted candidate, FP-25 leader Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, got 16.5% of the vote.
  • 1991 – Incumbent president Mário Soares, supported by both the socialists and the social democrats achieved 70.3% of the total votes, while the second most voted candidate, Basilio Horta secured only 14.2% of the votes.
  • 2006 – Aníbal Cavaco Silva, supported by the center-right parties, secured 50.5% of the votes in the first turn. Second most voted candidate, socialist Manuel Alegre would only secure 20.7%.
  • 2011 – Incumbent president, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, supported by the center-right parties achieved 53% of the total voting, the second most voted candidate, socialist Manuel Alegre would only score 19.7%.
  • 2016 — Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, supported by the center-right parties and benefiting from bigger media exposure than the rest of the candidates secured 52% of the votes in the first turn. Second most voted candidate António Sampaio da Nóvoa would only score 23% of voting.
  • 2021 – Incumbent president, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, would renew his term receiving 60.6% of the total voting, whilst the second most voted candidate, socialist MEP Ana Gomes received only 13% of the votes. Rebelo de Sousa became the first presidential candidate to win in all the municipalities.
Azorean Regional Elections
  • 1980 Azorean regional election – Social Democratic Party led by Mota Amaral took 30 of the 43 seats and 57.4% of the votes, the Socialist Party would only score 27.2%
  • 1984 Azorean regional election – Social Democratic Party led by incumbent Azorean regional government president Mota Amaral took 28 of the 43 seats and 56.4% of the votes, the Socialist Party would only score 24.2%
Madeiran Regional Elections

Alberto João Jardim, member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) was the president of the Madeira region from 1978 to 2015. During this period of time, landslide victories for the Social Democrats were the norm. In 2015, the party, now led by Miguel Albuquerque, also achieved a landslide victory.

Landslide victories for the Social Democratic Party in Madeira
Year % of votes
for the PSD		 2nd most voted party
Name % of votes Margin
1976 election 59.6% Socialist Party 22.3% 37.3%
1980 election 65.3% Socialist Party 15.0% 50.3%
1984 election 67.8% Socialist Party 15.3% 52.5%
1988 election 62.3% Socialist Party 16.8% 45.5%
1992 election 56.9% Socialist Party 22.6% 34.3%
1996 election 56.9% Socialist Party 24.8% 32.1%
2000 election 56.0% Socialist Party 21.0% 35.0%
2004 election 53.7% Socialist Party 27.4% 26.3%
2007 election 64.2% Socialist Party 15.4% 48.8%
2011 election 48.6% CDS – People's Party 17.6% 31.0%
2015 election 44.4% CDS – People's Party 13.7% 30.7%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

A landslide victory in the elections of St. Vincent and the Grenadines involves a large swing from one party to another as well as one party winning a large majority in parliament. Landslide victories have usually occurred after a long period of government from one particular party and a change in the popular mood.

Samoa

Results of the 2006 Samoan general election by constituency.
  • 2006 – The Human Rights Protection Party, led by Tuilaʻepa Saʻilele Malielegaoi, won a landslide victory, winning 33 seats, an increase of ten. The main opposition party, the new Samoa Democratic United Party, won 10 seats.[15]
  • 2016 – The Human Rights Protection Party, led by Tuilaʻepa Saʻilele Malielegaoi, won by a landslide victory, winning 35 of the 49 seats in the Legislative Assembly, gaining six seats. The main opposition party, the Tautua Samoa Party (led by Palusalue Faʻapo II) only won two seats, losing 11 seats. Independents won 13 seats.[16]

Slovakia

The Direction – Social Democracy landslide victory in 2012.

Sri Lanka

Parliamentary

Presidential

Taiwan

In the 2020 election, the Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen won 8.17 million votes, 57.1% of the votes cast, a historic landslide victory.

Presidential and Legislative Election held on the same day

Trinidad and Tobago

In Trinidad and Tobago's elections, a landslide victory involves a large swing from one party to another as well as one party winning a large majority in parliament. Landslide victories have usually occurred after a long period of government from one particular party and a change in the popular mood. Party politics and the political structure in Trinidad and Tobago has generally run along ethnic lines with most Afro-Trinidadians supporting the People's National Movement (PNM) and most Indo-Trinidadians supporting various Indian-majority parties, such as the current United National Congress (UNC) or its predecessors.

Tobago

  • 2013 Tobago House of Assembly election – The Tobago Council of the People's National Movement led by Chief Secretary Orville London won all 12 seats in the Tobago House of Assembly and 61.4% of the popular vote.

Ukraine

United Kingdom

This map shows the Conservative Party landslide victory in 1983.
This map shows the Labour Party landslide victory in 1997.
This map shows the Conservative Party landslide victory in 2019.
This map shows the Labour Party landslide victory in 2024.

In UK General Elections, a landslide victory involves winning a large majority in parliament and often goes with a large swing from one party to another as well. Landslide victories have usually occurred after a long period of government from one particular party and a change in the popular mood. In the past a majority of over 100 was regarded as the technical hurdle to be defined as a landslide, as that allows the government freedom to easily enact its policies in parliament. In more recent times, the label 'landslide' has been applied in numerous press articles to victories which would not previously have been regarded as such, for example the Conservative Party majority of 80 in 2019. Its current usage is more as political commentary rather than technical definition and is a reflection of the strength of the party's ability to put its programme through parliament.[17][18][19][20]

Large majorities, however, are not always the advantage they appear: Anthony Seldon gives a number of examples of the infighting arising from large majorities, claim a sweet spot of 35-50 which is enough to protect from by-elections and still comfortably pass legislation.[21]

The largest landslide by any single party in the UK parliament, since universal suffrage was introduced, was the majority of 179 won by Tony Blair's Labour Party in 1997.

Notable landslide election results

  • 1906 – Henry Campbell-Bannerman led his Liberal Party to victory over Arthur Balfour's Conservative Party who lost more than half their seats, including his own seat in Manchester East, as a result of the large national swing to the Liberal Party (The 5.4% swing from the Conservatives to Liberals was at the time the highest ever achieved). The Liberal Party won 397 seats (an increase of 214) while the Conservative Party were left with 156 seats (a decrease of 246).[22][23]
  • 1945 – Clement Attlee led his Labour Party to victory over Winston Churchill's Conservative Party, a 12.0% swing from the Conservatives to Labour. Labour won 393 seats (an increase of 239) while the Conservative Party were left with 197 (a decrease of 190).[24]
  • 1966 – Harold Wilson led the Labour Party to win 364 seats (an increase of 47) and gained an overall majority of 98 while the Conservative Party won 253 seats (a decrease of 51).
  • 1983 – Margaret Thatcher led the Conservative Party to win a first landslide victory (her second term in office) with 397 seats (an increase of 38 seats) and gained an overall majority of 144 while the Labour Party led by Michael Foot won 209 seats (a decrease of 52).
  • 1987 – Margaret Thatcher led the Conservative Party to win a second landslide victory (her third term in office) with 376 seats (a decrease of 21 seats) and gained an overall majority of 102 while the Labour Party led by Neil Kinnock won 229 seats (an increase of 20).
  • 1997 – Tony Blair led the Labour Party to win a first landslide victory with 418 seats (an increase of 145) and gained an overall majority of 179 while the Conservative Party led by John Major won 165 seats (a decrease of 178). The swing from the Conservatives to Labour was 10.2% and was the second biggest general election victory of the 20th Century after 1931.[25]
  • 2001 – Tony Blair led the Labour Party to win a second landslide victory with 412 seats (a decrease of 6) and gained an overall majority of 167 while the Conservative Party led by William Hague won 166 seats (an increase of 1), making Tony Blair the first Labour Prime Minister to serve two consecutive full terms in office.[26]
  • 2015 – In Scotland the Scottish National Party won 56 of the 59 Scottish seats.
  • 2019 – Boris Johnson led the Conservative Party to win a landslide victory (his second term in office) with 365 seats (an increase of 48, the party's highest seat count since 1987) and a majority of 80 seats, while the Labour Party led by Jeremy Corbyn won 202 seats (a decrease of 60, the party's worst result since 1935). The election led to 54 Labour seats changing to Conservative predominantly in the Midlands and Northern England – some of which had been held by Labour since the first half of the 20th century.[27]
  • 2024 – Keir Starmer led the Labour Party to win a landslide victory with 411 seats (an increase of 209, the party's highest seat count since 2001) and a majority of 172 seats, while the Conservative Party led by Rishi Sunak won 121 seats (a decrease of 244, the party's worst ever result, exceeding the previous worst defeat of 1906.[28])

United States

The map of the Electoral College in 1936 shows the scale of Franklin D. Roosevelt's landslide victory.
The map of the Electoral College in 1964 shows the scale of Lyndon B. Johnson's landslide victory.
The map of the Electoral College in 1972 shows the scale of Richard Nixon's landslide victory.
The map of the Electoral College in 1980 shows the scale of Ronald Reagan's landslide victory.
The map of the Electoral College in 1984 shows the scale of Ronald Reagan's landslide victory.

A landslide victory in US Presidential elections occurs when a candidate has an overwhelming majority in the Electoral College.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Murse, Tom (8 October 2020). "Landslide Victory: Definition in Elections". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  2. ^ "Landslide". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  3. ^ "Landslide". Cambridge Dictionaries (Online). Cambridge University Press. n.d. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  4. ^ "Landslide". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  5. ^ James H Fowler; Oleg Smirnov (2009), Mandates, Parties, and Voters: How Elections Shape the Future, p. 15
  6. ^ Jason D. Mycoff; Joseph August Pika (2008), Confrontation and Compromise: Presidential and Congressional Leadership, 2001-2006, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, p. 11
  7. ^ "Newman wins Brisbane election landslide". ABC News. 15 March 2008.
  8. ^ "The Mayor that was re-elected in a landslide, collecting 85 per cent of the votes". 20 October 2021.
  9. ^ "Biggest State Election Landslides". Armarium Interreta. 12 March 2021. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  10. ^ "Mark McGowan claims WA election victory as Liberals all but wiped out". The New Daily. 14 March 2021.
  11. ^ "Party Standings in the House of Commons (1867-date)". PARLINFO. Library of Parliament. 24 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  12. ^ "Political Tsunami turns Jamaica green with massive JLP victory". Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  13. ^ Electoral Commission (17 July 2014). Mixed Member Proportional Representation in New Zealand (Video). Wellington.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g "1890–1993 general elections". Electoral Commission New Zealand. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  15. ^ "Elections in 2006". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  16. ^ "Legislative Assembly (Fono)". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  17. ^ Bush, Stephen (8 June 2021). "Despite all reports, the election wasn't a landslide – and Johnson may be about to discover that reality". New Statesman. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  18. ^ "Election results 2019: Boris Johnson returns to power with big majority". BBC News. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  19. ^ Holder, Josh; Voce, Antonio; Barr, Caelainn; Holder, Josh; Voce, Antonio; Barr, Caelainn. "How did Boris Johnson achieve his landslide victory? A visual guide". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  20. ^ "Inside the landslide: Thatcher's personal papers for 1983 opened to the public". University of Cambridge. 10 October 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  21. ^ Seldon, Anthony (8 June 2017). "Politicians dream of landslide victories – but they are a curse, not a blessing". The Guardian.
  22. ^ "1906: The Liberal landslide". 9 February 2006 – via bbc.co.uk.
  23. ^ Liberal Landslide: The General Election of 1906.
  24. ^ Labour Landslide, July 5-19, 1945.
  25. ^ Labour's Landslide: The British General Election 1997.
  26. ^ "The rise and fall of New Labour". BBC News. 3 August 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  27. ^ "Boris Johnson must fulfil his One Nation pledge". Financial Times. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  28. ^ "UK election results 2024". BBC. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
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